{"id":1963,"date":"2013-11-13T15:43:40","date_gmt":"2013-11-13T06:43:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.is.doshisha.ac.jp\/news\/?p=1963"},"modified":"2013-11-13T15:43:40","modified_gmt":"2013-11-13T06:43:40","slug":"neuroscience2013","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/is.doshisha.ac.jp\/news\/?p=1963","title":{"rendered":"NeuroScience2013"},"content":{"rendered":"

2013\u5e7411\u67089\u65e5\uff5e13\u65e5\u306b\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u30b5\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a8\u30b4\u3067\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u305fNeuroscience2013\u306b\u30668\u540d\u304c\u7814\u7a76\u767a\u8868\u3092\u884c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
\n\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb
\n\u25cf\u5c71\u672c\u8a69\u5b50\u52a9\u6559\u300cFiber tractography based on curvature and torsion for fibers
\ncrossing area\u300d
\n\u25cf\u4e95\u4e0a\u6953\u5f69\u300cEffect of sound pressure level on brain function during memory
\ntask using fNIRS\u300d
\n\u25cf\u5927\u897f\u590f\u5b50\u300cDiscussion of brain functional on the effects of color
\ntemperature on sustained attention using functional near-infrared
\nspectroscopy\u300d
\n\u25cf\u6728\u6751\u831c\u300cImpact of sustained attention on difference between visual and
\nauditory stimuli\u300d
\n\u25cf\u6749\u7530\u51fa\u5f25\u300cEffect on brain function in inhibitory control during go\/no-go
\ntasks caused by changes in difficulty\u300d
\n\u25cf\u65e9\u5ddd\u6e29\u5b50\u300cBrain function imaging using functional near-infrared
\nspectroscopy for the development of training: A study on ability
\ndifferences in stereopsis\u300d
\n\u25cf\u5c06\u7a4d\u5f69\u82bd\u300cGender differences in influence of sound environments on
\nperformance of the memorizing numerical string task and cerebral blood
\nflow changes\u300d
\n\u25cf\u771f\u5cf6\u5e0c\u5b9f\u300cAnalysis of working memory using the reading span test: Basic
\nresearch of regional brain activity on brain cortex using functional
\nnear-infrared spectroscopy\u300d
\n\u4eca\u56de\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u305f\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u751f\u306e\u307f\u306a\u3055\u3093\u306f\u56fd\u969b\u5b66\u4f1a\u3067\u767a\u8868\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u521d\u3081\u3066\u3067\u3001\u767a\u8868\u524d\u3084\u521d\u3081\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3068\u3066\u3082\u7dca\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u767a\u8868\u6642\u9593\u304c\u7d42\u308f\u308b\u9803\u306b\u306f\u7686\u6d3b\u304d\u6d3b\u304d\u3068\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u697d\u3057\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
\n\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3059\u308c\u3070\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u521d\u5bfe\u9762\u306e\u65b9\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3001\u5404\u81ea\u3067\u8003\u3048\u3066\u5de5\u592b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u306e\u307f\u306a\u3055\u3093\u306b\u306f\u3068\u3066\u3082\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u3067\u8cb4\u91cd\u306a\u7d4c\u9a13\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
\n\u5b66\u4f1a\u304c\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30b5\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a8\u30b4\u306f\u4eac\u90fd\u3068\u540c\u3058\u304f\u3089\u3044\u306e\u6c17\u6e29\u3067\u904e\u3054\u3057\u3084\u3059\u304f\u3001\u65e5\u304c\u66ae\u308c\u3066\u3082\u7e41\u83ef\u8857\u3092\u6b69\u3051\u308b\u307b\u3069\u5b89\u5168\u306a\u753a\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u767a\u8868\u3092\u7d42\u3048\u305f\u5f8c\u306b\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5834\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30b3\u30f3\u30d9\u30f3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u5c4b\u4e0a\u304b\u3089\u898b\u305f\u5915\u65e5\u306f\u5fd8\u308c\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u611f\u52d5\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3089\u3082\u7814\u7a76\u6d3b\u52d5\u306b\u52e4\u3057\u3093\u3067\u3044\u3053\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u52c7\u6c17\u3068\u6d3b\u529b\u3092\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
\n\u3010\u6587\u8cac\uff1a\u5c71\u672c\u52a9\u6559\u3011
\n\"P1160508\"<\/a> \"P1160396\"<\/a> \"P1160543\"<\/a>
\n<\/p>\n

\n

\u5b66\u4f1a\u53c2\u52a0\u5831\u544a\u66f8<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/b>\u5831\u544a\u8005\u6c0f\u540d<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u65e9\u5ddd\u6e29\u5b50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767a\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u9032\u5c55\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308bfNIRS \u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u305f\u8133\u6a5f\u80fd\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u30f3\u30b0\u2015\u7acb\u4f53\u8996\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u5dee\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u691c\u8a0e\u2015<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767a\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u82f1\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb<\/b><\/b><\/td>\nBrain function imaging using functional near-infraredspectroscopy for the development of training : A study on ability differences in stereopsis<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u8457\u8005<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u65e9\u5ddd\u6e29\u5b50, \u5c71\u672c\u8a69\u5b50, \u5ee3\u5b89\u77e5\u4e4b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e3b\u50ac<\/b><\/b><\/td>\nSOCIETY for NEUROSCIENCE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u540d<\/b><\/b><\/td>\nNeuroscience2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4f1a\u5834<\/b><\/b><\/td>\nSan Diego Convention Center<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u958b\u50ac\u65e5\u7a0b<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n2013\/11\/09-2013\/11\/13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n \n<\/div>\n

 
\n1. \u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u306e\u8a73\u7d30
\n2013\/11\/09\u304b\u30892013\/11\/13\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\uff0c\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\uff0c\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\uff0c\u30b5\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a8\u30b4\u306e\u30b5\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a8\u30b4\u30b3\u30f3\u30d9\u30f3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u3066\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305fNeuroscience2013\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306eNeuroscience\u306f\uff0cSOCIETY for NEUROSCIENCE\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e3b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u3067\uff0c\u8133\u3084\u795e\u7d4c\u7cfb\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u6df1\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u304b\u3089\u306f\u4ed6\u306b\u5c71\u672c\u5148\u751f\uff0c\u6728\u6751\uff0c\u5c07\u7a4d\uff0c\u6749\u7530\uff0c\u5927\u897f\uff0c\u771e\u5cf6\uff0c\u4e95\u4e0a\u304c\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n2. \u7814\u7a76\u767a\u8868
\n2.1. \u767a\u8868\u6982\u8981
\n\u79c1\u306f13\u65e5\u306e16:00 \u2013 17:00\u306e\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u300cExtrastriate Cortex: Functional Organization\u300d\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u767a\u8868\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u306f\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u767a\u8868\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\uff0cfNIRS\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\uff0c\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u304b\u3089\u7acb\u4f53\u8996\u306e\u5f97\u610f\u30fb\u4e0d\u5f97\u610f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u5dee\u53ca\u3073\u7fd2\u719f\u5ea6\u306e\u691c\u8a0e\u3092\u884c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306b\u6284\u9332\u3092\u8a18\u8f09\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

[Purpose]<\/p>\n

In this research, an evaluation method for proficiency assessment using brain functional mapping information is has been established using information obtained after mapping brain function. The target task in this paper is stereopsis.<\/p>\n

[Methods]<\/p>\n

To accomplish the goal of this study, we investigated two subject groups. These groups were divided by on the basis of whether the or not subjects were good at stereopsis or not. Then, we compared the difference of in cerebral blood flow change between the groups. The blood flow change was measured by using functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), which is known as high time resolution. Then, we examined the progress of stereopsis from its analyzing the fNIRS data. As a training task, the subjects were shown some stereograms, in which they can find one Japanese character (Hiragana).The subjects were measured their cerebral blood flow changes in subjects were measured using fNIRS when they were engaging with stereoscopic vision using fNIRS, and We counted the number of stereogram sheets which that subjects were able to recognize in a limited time frame was counted. This number is defined as proficiency. We The study involved had eleven volunteer subjects.<\/p>\n

[Results and discussions]<\/p>\n

Firstly, we classified subjects into two groups on the basis of whether or not the subjects they were good at stereopsis or not. Secondly, to examine the active region, we divided rest and task section data into fifteen pieces, for which baseline processing was performed through the all the channels (CH), into fifteen pieces. Then, these pieces were analyzed using performed t-test (p < 0.01).As the result, for almost all the subjects, there was a significant difference in three CHs near the lower frontal head of almost all subjects. Then, we chose selected these three CHs and the other CHs, where the significant differences were found as interested regions. We calculated the average amount of cerebral blood flow change in the CHs. Finally, we figured out observed the average sites where of focused site of cerebral blood flow changes occurred. The decrease of the change was found at the subjects who were good at stereopsis showed a decrease in cerebral blood flow change. In the Other related studies, it is reported that the change of in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) were decreased with the progress of stereopsis ability. Therefore, in this study, we concluded that the region of interested region in this study might be DLPFC. In these related studies, the personal ability differences were not mentioned. Since our results are similar to the related study, it we may conclude that DLPFC is related with to the personal ability differences.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 
\n2.2. \u8cea\u7591\u5fdc\u7b54
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u767a\u8868\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8cea\u7591\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>1<\/b>
\n\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u6c0f\u540d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u7acb\u4f53\u8996\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\uff0c\u7acb\u4f53\u8996\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u306f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u3084\uff0c4\u9031\u76ee\u3060\u3051\u306a\u305c\u5897\u52a0\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u7acb\u4f53\u8996\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u5e73\u9762\u306e\u753b\u50cf\u304b\u3089\u7acb\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u50cf\u3092\u77e5\u899a\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u7acb\u4f53\u8996\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\uff0c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u30b9\u30c6\u30ec\u30aa\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u884c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u8a00\u8449\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u76ee\u306e\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u30b9\u30c6\u30ec\u30aa\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u5965\u306b\u5408\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u5b9f\u969b\u4f55\u304c\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u3066\u3053\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u4e0d\u660e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u79c1\u3082\u7b54\u3048\u304c\u5206\u304b\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u306b\u52a0\u3048\uff0c\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u3067\u306f4\u9031\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u308a\uff0c\u30a2\u30f3\u30b1\u30fc\u30c8\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>2<\/b>
\n\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u6c0f\u540d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u4ed6\u306e\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306f\u3069\u3046\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u4e8b\u524d\u306b\u6e96\u5099\u3057\u3066\u304a\u3044\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u6dfb\u4ed8\u3057\u305f\u30b9\u30e9\u30a4\u30c9\u3092\u898b\u305b\u306a\u304c\u3089\uff0c\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u8f09\u305b\u305f\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u50be\u5411\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>3<\/b>
\n\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u6c0f\u540d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u4e0d\u5f97\u610f\u306a\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u3092\u8a13\u7df4\u3057\u305f\u3089\u5f97\u610f\u306a\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u306b\u306a\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u306f\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\uff0c\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u8f09\u305b\u305f\u80fd\u529b\u5dee\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u7fd2\u719f\u5ea6\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u898b\u6bd4\u3079\u308b\u3068\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304c\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u610f\u306a\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306f\u5f97\u610f\u306a\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u50be\u5411\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>4<\/b>
\n\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u6c0f\u540d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e13\u679a\u304b14\u679a\u3042\u305f\u308a\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3089\u8a13\u7df4\u306f\u7d42\u4e86\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u56de\u7b54\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u79c1\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u4e0a\u305d\u3053\u304c\u6700\u9ad8\u679a\u6570\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>5<\/b>
\n\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u6c0f\u540d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u8cea\u554f\u306f\uff0c\u306a\u305c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5b9f\u9a13\u8a2d\u8a08\u306b\u3057\u305f\u306e\u304b\uff0c\u30ec\u30b9\u30c8\u3067\u767a\u8a71\u3068\u6ce8\u8996\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u306a\u305c\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u3066\u3044\u3044\u304b\u5206\u304b\u3089\u305a\uff0c\u8cea\u554f\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3063\u305f\u65b9\u306b\u3042\u307e\u308a\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u9802\u3051\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u4e2d\u306b\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306b\u767a\u8a71\u3057\u89e3\u7b54\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3046\u3053\u3068\uff0c\u307e\u305f\u7acb\u4f53\u8996\u3092\u884c\u3046\u969b\u306b\u753b\u50cf\u3092\u51dd\u8996\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u6ce8\u8996\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e2\u3064\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u6d88\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306b\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u305f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>6<\/b>
\nDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands\u6240\u5c5e\u306eAtsuko Takashima\u3055\u3093\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306f\uff0c\u306a\u305c4\u9031\u76ee\u3060\u3051\u5897\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u4ed6\u306e\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u79c1\u306e\u56de\u7b54\u306f\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u306f\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb91\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306a\u305c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u5206\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3059\u308b\u3068\uff0c\u53cd\u5fdc\u6642\u9593\u3084\u6b63\u898f\u5316\u3057\uff0c\u96c6\u56e3\u89e3\u6790\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\uff0c\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u5ea6\u3092\u8a08\u6e2c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u6307\u6a19\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u76f8\u95a2\u3092\u898b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u3069\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u610f\u898b\u3092\u805e\u304b\u305b\u3066\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e2\u3064\u76ee\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u6dfb\u4ed8\u3057\u305f\u30b9\u30e9\u30a4\u30c9\u3092\u898b\u305b\u306a\u304c\u3089\u4ed6\u306e\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u50be\u5411\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>7<\/b>
\n\u6771\u5317\u5927\u5b66\u96fb\u6c17\u901a\u4fe1\u7814\u7a76\u6240 \u6240\u5c5e\u306e\u6817\u6728 \u4e00\u90ce\u3055\u3093\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306f\uff0c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5b9f\u9a13\u8a2d\u8a08\u306b\u3057\u305f\u306e\u306f\u306a\u305c\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u7fa4\u5206\u3051\u30675\u679a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u3092\u4e0d\u5f97\u610f\u3068\u3057\u305f\u306e\u306f\u306a\u305c\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u6700\u521d\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u306f\uff0c\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u4e2d\u306b\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306b\u767a\u8a71\u3057\u89e3\u7b54\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3046\u3053\u3068\uff0c\u307e\u305f\u7acb\u4f53\u8996\u3092\u884c\u3046\u969b\u306b\u753b\u50cf\u3092\u51dd\u8996\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u6ce8\u8996\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e2\u3064\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u6d88\u3059\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3059\u308b\u3068\uff0c\u30ec\u30b9\u30c8\u3067\u7acb\u4f53\u8996\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u306a\u3044\u30b9\u30c6\u30ec\u30aa\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3068\u4f3c\u305f\u753b\u50cf\u3092\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306b\u898b\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3046\u306a\u3069\u3082\u3046\u5c11\u3057\u30ec\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u3067\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u307b\u3046\u304c\u3044\u3044\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u898b\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e2\u3064\u76ee\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u5b9f\u9a13\u8a2d\u8a08\u3092\u898b\u306a\u304c\u3089\uff0c\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u884c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>8<\/b>
\n\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u6c0f\u540d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u8cea\u554f\u306f\uff0cfNIRS\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\uff0c\u307e\u305f\u8a08\u6e2c\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u6700\u521d\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u8fd1\u8d64\u5916\u5149\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8a08\u6e2c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u88c5\u7f6e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u6b21\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u4e8b\u524d\u306b\u7528\u610f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305fNIRS\u306e\u8a08\u6e2c\u539f\u7406\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u30b9\u30e9\u30a4\u30c9\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n2.3. \u611f\u60f3
\n\u521d\u3081\u3066\u306e\u56fd\u969b\u5b66\u4f1a\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u3068\u3066\u3082\u7dca\u5f35\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u79c1\u306f\u82f1\u8a9e\u304c\u82e6\u624b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u304d\u3061\u3093\u3068\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u304b\uff0c\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304b\u304c\u4e0d\u5b89\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3057\u304b\u3057\uff0c\u3044\u3056\u767a\u8868\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u3066\u307f\u308b\u3068\u3069\u3046\u306b\u304b\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u7b54\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u5c11\u3057\u306f\u51fa\u6765\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u304f\u3060\u3055\u308b\u65b9\u304c\u512a\u3057\u304b\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u79c1\u304c\u82f1\u8a9e\u3092\u805e\u304d\u53d6\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u305a\u306b\u56f0\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u308a\uff0c\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u3048\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u6642\u306a\u3069\u306b\u306f\u9055\u3046\u8a00\u8449\u3067\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u305f\u308a\uff0c\u56f3\u3092\u6307\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u8cea\u554f\u3057\u3066\u4e0b\u3055\u3063\u305f\u308a\uff0c\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u79c1\u304c\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u8a98\u5c0e\u3057\u3066\u4e0b\u3055\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3057\u3066\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3055\u3089\u306b\u8cea\u554f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff0c\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u610f\u898b\u3092\u304f\u3060\u3055\u308b\u65b9\u3082\u3044\u305f\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30e2\u30c1\u30d9\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u4e0a\u304c\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u6a5f\u4f1a\u304c\u3042\u308c\u3070\uff0c\u307e\u305f\u56fd\u969b\u5b66\u4f1a\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u3055\u3089\u306b\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u9032\u3081\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u7cbe\u9032\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304d\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n\u611f\u60f3\u306b\u306f\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u51fa\u6765\u305f\u3068\u66f8\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u79c1\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u529b\u306f\u672a\u719f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u82f1\u8a9e\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3068\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\uff0c\u805e\u304d\u53d6\u308a\u3084\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u5411\u4e0a\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u304a\u540d\u524d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3082\u53cd\u7701\u70b9\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3067\u3059\uff0e
\n 
\n3. \u8074\u8b1b
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4e0b\u8a18\u306e7\u4ef6\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3092\u8074\u8b1b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Dynamics based neural coding in the subjectivity context\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a K.Mogi\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a ++F.01.t. Timing and temporal processingAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Dynamics is an essential element in the coding of information in the brain (Stein et al. 2005). In analyzing neural codes, the conventional approach has been to apply statistical methods such as signal detection theory (Swets 1964) or integrated information theory (Tononi 1998). Such an approach has provided useful insights into the functions of the brain and principles of perception and cognition. A statistical approach can be enhanced further by incorporating the dynamics and structure of the system explicitly. Key to such a treatment is the explicit and dynamic choice of the \u201censembles\u201d with which the statistical properties of a system are analyzed. A number of experimental data and theoretical analysis have suggested that perception is an active process, where the hypotheses and internal models based on past experience are \u201cmatched\u201d with the incoming sensory data. It is thus likely that the dynamic choice of ensembles by the cortical neural network is implemented in this matching process. Here I present an analysis of the necessary conditions for the construction of a dynamics based neural coding, citing relevant evidence from the measurement of neural firings in the brain. Strategies for the study of neural information processing in the era of big data on brain anatomy and function are presented. A model for dynamics-embedded ensemble formation is presented, with the subjectivity structure explicitly given. In this model, time is an essential element constructed actively, on which a spectrum of neural codes are defined. Psychological time generated from the neural activities is in general different from the physical time. It is proposed that the excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory connections within the neural network contribute to the construction of subjective time in different manners. Finally, I discuss how the semantics of information can be implemented in a coding system based on dynamics and embedded in the subjectivity context.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\u30a2\u30d6\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3042\u308b\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u5927\u304d\u304f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u8302\u6728\u5148\u751f\u66f0\u304f\uff0c\u30a2\u30d6\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u306f\u3042\u307e\u308a\u9762\u767d\u3044\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u51fa\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u5909\u66f4\u3057\u305f\u3068\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u5148\u751f\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306f\uff0c\u6642\u9593\u306e\u77e5\u899a\uff0c\u5373\u3061\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u306a\u6642\u9593\u3068\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u306a\u6642\u9593\u306e\u611f\u3058\u65b9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u306e\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u3057\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u3060\u3068\u304a\u3063\u3057\u3083\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3068\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308b\u6642\u9593\u306f\u9577\u3044\u3068\u611f\u3058\u308b\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u5373\u3061\uff0c\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u306a\u6642\u9593\u306f\u77ed\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u6642\u9593\u3068\u611f\u899a\u304c\u9023\u52d5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8133\u306e\u90e8\u4f4d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u5834\u5408\uff0c\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u3084\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u306e\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u306e\u611f\u3058\u65b9\u3067\u3082\u9055\u3044\u304c\u51fa\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6b20\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u719f\u8003\u3059\u308b\u3068\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Real-time neuro-feedback training of executive functions in healthy adults: A functional NIRS study\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a H. HOSSEINI, S. R. KESLER\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a ++F.01.l. Executive functionAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aCognitive training is an emergent approach that has been adopted in recent years as a potential intervention for a number of developmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Cognitive training theoretically promotes several neuroplastic mechanisms in the brain and has been shown to improve cognitive functioning in various healthy and patient populations. The main goal of cognitive training is to boost\/restore cognitive skills and brain function by employing a set of adaptive, practice-based paradigms. In order for the training programs to be effective, individuals are usually asked to perform a distributed set of cognitive training paradigms. This approach has several disadvantages. First, the training time can be lengthy (1 to 6 months), making adherence potentially difficult for patients with cognitive difficulties. Second, there is no guarantee that the training will be helpful for a specific individual. Third, the efficacy of the training is usually tested after the end of the training neglecting potentially interesting learning effects at other time points. In the present study, we developed a real-time neuro-feedback training program that addresses some of the limitations of conventional training methods by providing real-time feedback regarding brain activity in targeted regions. We focused on training executive functions (EFs) given their core involvement in various developmental and neurodegerative diseases. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which is a cost-effective and ecologically-valid brain imaging method, was employed for measuring brain activity in the prefrontal cortex. Our preliminary data on 10 healthy adults (5 female, age range 18 to 40) showed four sessions of EF training (100 min total) with neuro-feedback significantly improved EF. Specifically, subjects\u2019 performance on standardized EF tests including measures of verbal and visual working memory as well as inhibition\/switching were significantly improved (p < 0.05). In addition, we compared the neuro-feedback training results with those of a parallel study in which we examined the effect of computerized EF training (24 sessions each lasting 20 min in 6 weeks) on 18 healthy subjects (9 females, age range 18 to 40). Despite the significantly lower duration of the neuro-feedback training (100 min vs. 480 min), the increase in inhibition\/switching performance was slightly higher in the neuro-feedback training group compared with the computerized training group. Our data suggest that providing neuro-feedback may improve the efficiency of cognitive training paradigms making it more feasible for certain patient populations.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306f\uff0c\u5916\u56fd\u306e\u65b9\u304cfNIRS\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u305f\u3081\u8208\u5473\u3092\u6301\u3061\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0efNIRS\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u306f\u666e\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u304d\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304c\u5916\u56fd\u3067\u306f\u3042\u307e\u308a\u666e\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\u9762\u767d\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0efNIRS\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30ed\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u6d3b\u52d5\u3068\u30d1\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u76f8\u95a2\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u8a00\u8a9e\u8a18\u61b6\u8ab2\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b4\u3064\u306e\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u5404\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u3068\u30d1\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u76f8\u95a2\u3092\u8003\u5bdf\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Personality traits and underlying neural circuits for reward processing: An fMRI investigation\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a M. TSCHERNEGG, M. KRONBICHLER\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a ++F.03.i. Motivation and emotions: RewardAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aReward-related decisions are ubiquitous in our daily lives. Recent functional neuroimaging studies showed that nucleus accumbens, medial orbitofrontal gyrus and amygdale are responsive to reward outcomes. Mental disorders, characterized through changes in reward system-related brain structures (e.g., depression or addiction), show divergent activation patterns in current research. Non-pathological differences in personality are also likely to show divergent reward-related activation. Since previous studies separated approach and avoidance motivated groups and found differences in the reward system, this study aims to provide further interpretation including personality traits (e.g., sensation seeking), and self-regulation abilities (e.g., risk taking and impulsivity). The monetary incentive delay task (MID) and the card-guessing task are common paradigms for investigating reward-related neuronal circuits. These tasks are known to activate the mesolimbic dopaminergic system by offering win-situations for fast reactions or correct guesses. The present study tests the validity of a modified and simpler MID for investigations of reward outcome. By excluding workload confounds by presenting two different cues (win vs. no-win) and two different outcomes per cue (win or no-win vs. fast and no-fast), we hope to facilitate the interpretation and provide stronger results for further investigations. Additionally, we employed the card-guessing task while fMRI to localize reward-related neuronal circuits (independent from MID) and a Go\/No-Go task while fMRI for identifying impulsivity-related structures. As expected, the modified MID and card-guessing task yielded increased activation for reward outcome regions such as the bilateral ventral striatum and orbitofrontal gyrus (p<0.05, FWE). This result serves a solid basis for an investigation of neural substrates for personality traits. Hyper-, or hypo-activation in reward-related brain regions is not clearly assignable for most of the mental disorders. The \u201cimpulsivity hypothesis\u201d (excessive sensitivity to reward and failure of inhibition) or the \u201creward deficiency hypothesis\u201d (reduced response to non-drug rewards and drug seeking) explain reward-related neuronal changes in mental disorders equally well. By additionally assessing personality traits we hope to characterize the missing link to dissociate these two hypotheses more precisely.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u308c\u306f\uff0c\u5831\u916c\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u30b2\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u52dd\u3061\u8ca0\u3051\u3067\u8133\u306e\u6d3b\u6027\u90e8\u4f4d\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u304b\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u52dd\u3064\u3053\u3068\u3067\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306f\u5feb\u306b\u611f\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u8133\u306e\u6d3b\u6027\u90e8\u4f4d\u304c\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u306b\u3088\u308a\u305d\u306e\u6d3b\u6027\u3059\u308b\u8133\u90e8\u4f4d\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5206\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u30b2\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u52dd\u3061\u8ca0\u3051\u3067\u306e\u8133\u306e\u6d3b\u6027\u90e8\u4f4d\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8abf\u67fb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u9762\u767d\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u30b2\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3082\u697d\u3057\u305d\u3046\u3060\u306a\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Test date expectancy affects memory performance\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a R. E. LOIOTILE, R. A. ADCOCK, S. M. COURTNEY\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a ++F.01.g. Human long-term memory: EncodingAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aThough several studies have examined the role of test expectations– e.g. expectations of test type and test consequences– on subsequent performance, surprisingly little is known on the role of test date expectations, specifically. Knowledge of test dates certainly affects how students distribute their study time, a learning factor that has been investigated since the birth of memory research. But, irrespective of study-time distribution, does knowledge of the expected test date affect one\u2019s encoding of the material? Our study, therefore, seeks to determine the effects of expected test date on memory performance. We hypothesized (1) that individuals would alter their learning strategies, perhaps even unbeknownst to themselves, to benefit expectations of longer retrieval delays or (2) that certain test dates– e.g., those closer to the present– would induce differential pre-learning motivation or preparedness to learn.
\nOur experiment tested recognition on a set of 120 emotionally neutral scene stimuli in twenty subjects. Subjects were informed that half of the stimuli would be tested today (i.e., 30 minutes after encoding), half would be tested tomorrow (i.e., 23-25 hours after encoding), and that they would be informed of each scene\u2019s test date by a pre- (and during-) scene cue reading \u201ctoday\u201d or \u201ctomorrow.\u201d Critically, subsequent recognition tests ignored the advertised test dates. Subjects were tested on half of the stimuli from each test-date cue on each test date. For example, 30 today-cued scenes were tested at \u201ctoday,\u201d and the remaining 30 today-cued scenes were tested at \u201ctomorrow.\u201d Analysis revealed a significant main effect of cue date on memory performance. On average, subjects remembered today-cued stimuli better than tomorrow-cued stimuli on both \u201ctoday\u201d and \u201ctomorrow\u201d tests, with the latter showing a significant difference. Our results indicate that despite monetary incentives to perform as well as possible on both \u201ctoday\u201d and \u201ctomorrow\u201d tests, independently, subjects were more motivated– some admittedly, others unknowingly– to memorize the stimuli they thought would be appearing on \u201ctoday\u2019s\u201d test. Future fMRI work will attempt to ascertain the neural mechanisms of this differential memory performance. In particular we would like to examine whether today-cued stimuli, independent of memory performance, are correlated with differential increases in midbrain activation, similar to cuing effects of expected monetary rewards. Overall, our study demonstrates a strong effect of test date expectations on learning, independent of study time and distribution.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Facilitatory role of playing music during exercise in executive function: A neuroimaging study with functional near-infrared spectroscopy\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a K. SUWABE, I. DAN, K. HYODO, K. BYUN, G. OCHI\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a ++F.01.l. Executive functionAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a The benefits of acute and chronic exercise on human cognitive functions have been given a great deal of attention. One of our recent studies has shown for the first time that acute moderate exercise (at 50% VO2peak) elicits increased brain activation in the left-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which results in improved Stroop task performance (Yanagisawa et al., NeuroImage, 2010). The DLPFC plays a role in the modulation of mood as well as executive function: activation in the left DLPFC enhances positive emotional affects (Ueda et al., 2003; Herrington et al., 2005). Hence, it is postulated that listening to one\u2019s favorite music while exercising may elicit greater activation in the DLPFC, leading to enhanced executive functions. To address this issue, twenty-six subjects (mean age 21.6 \u00b1 2.4 years, 8 females) participated in two experimental conditions (exercise with music or with a beep at a steady tempo). Subjects performed a color-word matching Stroop task (CWST) and two-dimensional mood scale (TDMS) before and after 10 minutes of moderate intensity exercise (50% of VO2peak). Using multichannel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), cortical-activation-related changes in the CWST were examined. Results demonstrated that the music condition evoked a more positive valence compared to the tempo condition. However, no significant differences were observed between the two conditions in CWST performance or Stroop-interference-related activation in any prefrontal regions. Interestingly, there were positive correlations between valence changes and CWST performance changes, and valence changes and cortical activation changes in the left DLPFC. These results suggest a facilitatory role of playing music during moderate exercise in the development of enhanced executive functions induced by exercise.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3067\u306f\uff0cfNIRS\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u305f\u3081\u8208\u5473\u3092\u6301\u3061\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u6211\u3005\u306ffNIRS\u3067\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8a08\u6e2c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304c\uff0c\u3053\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u5c40\u6240\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u3092\u8a08\u6e2c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0efNIRS\u3067\u5c40\u6240\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u3092\u8a08\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u306a\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u7814\u7a76\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\uff0cfNIRS\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u904b\u52d5\u304c\u8a8d\u77e5\u6a5f\u80fd\u3068\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u795e\u7d4c\u6d3b\u52d5\u3088\u308a\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u4f53\u529b\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u5411\u4e0a\u306a\u3069\u5065\u5eb7\u7dad\u6301\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u3064\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304a\u3063\u3057\u3083\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u904b\u52d5\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u969b\u306b\u306f\u97f3\u697d\u3092\u304b\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306e\u6c17\u5206\u304c\u826f\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u8133\u306e\u6d3b\u6027\u304c\u5411\u4e0a\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Consolidation of newly learned words: Does the presence of pictures at encoding make a difference?\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aA.TAKASHIMA, I.BAKKER, J. G. VAN HELL, G. JANZEN, J. M. MCQUEEN\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a ++F.01.f. Human long-term memory: RetrievalAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aFrom lesion and imaging studies, we know that memory is not a unitary system. Declarative memory is considered to entail episodic memory (memory for episodes that are confined to specific spatial and temporal contexts) and semantic memory (memory for generic knowledge or concepts). Although these two types of memories are not independent and highly interactive, they seem to involve different brain structures at retrieval, with the hippocampus often regarded to be important for retrieving arbitrary associative information encoded in a specific episodic context, whereas widely distributed neocortical areas, especially higher order associative areas, seem to be important in retrieving semantic or conceptual information. In this study, we were interested in the neural correlates of newly learned words when retrieved at different time points. We asked if there is more involvement of the episodic memory network when retrieval occurs directly after learning, and if there is a shift towards more involvement of the semantic network as the word becomes more de-contextualized with time. Furthermore, we were interested to see the effect of having extra information at encoding, namely, visual information associated with the phonological form of the novel word. Previously we have reported that picture-associated novel words retrieved immediately after encoding involve hippocampal structures more than phonological form-only words. When retrieval took place 24 hours later, the involvement of the hippocampal system was still present for the picture-associated words, but involvement of distributed neocortical areas also increased with time. In the present study, we extended the delay from 24 hours to 1 week. Participants learned phonological novel word forms with\/without corresponding pictures and their memory for the words was tested in an fMRI scanner. Retrieval success was greater for picture-associated words compared to phonological form-only words on both recent and remote test. When memory for the associated picture of the word was tested, exactly the same pictures were recognized faster than similar pictures at both time points, but at remote test we also observed an interaction. Specifically, although recognition of the same pictures slowed down as a function of delay, this was not the case for similar pictures, indicating decay of the episodic memory trace and some de-contextualization of the word memory. On the neural level, the memory benefit of having pictures at encoding was observed as more involvement of the hippocampus during recent retrieval, and increased activity in the fusiform gyrus and the left angular gyrus during delayed retrieval.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u8a13\u7df4\u3092\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u79c1\u304c\u3053\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u8208\u5473\u3092\u3082\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\uff0c\u81ea\u5206\u3068\u4f3c\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6240\u306b\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u79c1\u306f\u8a13\u7df4\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u7fd2\u719f\u5ea6\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u5b66\u7fd2\u306a\u3069\u306e\u30c6\u30fc\u30de\u306b\u8208\u5473\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u3053\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u7d50\u679c\u306f\uff0c\u79c1\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u4f3c\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u305f\u3081\u8208\u5473\u6df1\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u7814\u7a76\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\uff0cfMRI\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u5b66\u7fd2\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\uff0c\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u6587\u5b57\u3060\u3051\u3067\u899a\u3048\u308b\u306e\u3068\u7d75\u3082\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u899a\u3048\u308b\u306e\u3068\u3067\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5909\u5316\u304c\u751f\u307e\u308c\u308b\u304b\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u8005\u306e\u65b9\u306b\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5c11\u3057\u304a\u8a71\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u5f8c\u65e5\u79c1\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306e\u969b\u306b\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u304a\u8d8a\u3057\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000The impact of sensorimotor experience on affective evaluation of movement\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a L. KIRSCH, K.A. DROMMELSCHMIDT, K. DAWSON, E.S. CROSS\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a ++F.01.a. Perception and imageryAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aPrior research on aesthetics demonstrates that people are more likely to judge a stimulus as pleasing if they are familiar with. While general familiarity and liking appear to be related, it is less clear how motor familiarity, or embodiment, is related to a viewer\u2019s aesthetic appraisal of a stimulus. Previously, we demonstrated that people derive greater pleasure from watching movements they are not able to embody compared to those they felt they could. To more closely investigate this finding, we subsequently conducted two dance training experiment to clarify the relationship between sensorimotor experience and affective evaluation of a movement. The first experiment used a between-subjects design wherein 62 participants were assigned to one of three groups and took part in four days of training. One group received physical training on simple dance sequences with the Xbox KinectTM system, another visual and auditory training, and a third group received auditory experience only. Participants\u2019 aesthetic preferences for different dance stimuli were measured with a rating task before and after the training sessions. Results demonstrate that participants from the physical training condition not only improved their performance of the dance sequences, but they also reported higher enjoyment and interest in the sequences after training. These results suggest that learning to embody particular movements can indeed lead to greater enjoyment while watching those movements in the future. The second experiment is an fMRI version of Experiment 1 that directly compared how learning to embody an action impacts the neural response when watching and aesthetically evaluating that action. Using a within-subjects design, 24 participants trained for four consecutive days on dance sequences set to music videos. Each day they physically rehearsed one set of dance sequences, passively watched a second set of sequences, and listened to the music of a third set. Functional MRI was obtained prior to and immediately following the four days of training, as well as affective and physical ability ratings. This approach enables us to examine the brain basis of how action embodiment is related to the pleasure a viewer derives from watching an action. Moreover this study enables a precise comparison of self-report methods of embodiment with non-biased, empirical measures (e.g., scores given by the participant vs. the Kinect system). Together, these two studies are the first to use intensive training procedures coupled with fMRI to investigate affective judgment in relation to embodiment, and will inform both affective and motor research areas.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3082\u65e5\u3092\u8ffd\u3046\u3054\u3068\u306b\u8a13\u7df4\u3092\u884c\u3044\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30a2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u307e\u305ffMRI\u3067\u5b66\u7fd2\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8133\u90e8\u4f4d\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u8ab2\u984c\u306f\uff0ckinect\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u305f\u30c0\u30f3\u30b9\u30d1\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u30b9\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e
\n1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Neuroscience2013, http:\/\/www.sfn.org\/annual-meeting\/neuroscience-2013<\/a>
\n <\/p>\n

\n

\u5b66\u4f1a\u53c2\u52a0\u5831\u544a\u66f8<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u5831\u544a\u8005\u6c0f\u540d<\/td>\n\u6728\u6751\u831c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767a\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb<\/td>\n\u8996\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u3068\u8074\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u306e\u9055\u3044\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6ce8\u610f\u306e\u6301\u7d9a\u6027\u3078\u306e\u5f71\u97ff<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767a\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u82f1\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb<\/td>\nImpact on the sustained attention in the difference between visual stimuli and auditory stimuli<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u8457\u8005<\/td>\n\u6728\u6751\u831c,\u798f\u5cf6\u4e9c\u68a8\u82b1,\u7530\u4e2d\u7f8e\u91cc,\u7530\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5bff\u7a42,\u82e5\u6751\u667a\u5b50,\u5c71\u672c\u8a69\u5b50,\u5ee3\u5b89\u77e5\u4e4b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e3b\u50ac<\/td>\nThe Society for Neuroscience<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u540d<\/td>\nNeuroScience2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4f1a\u5834<\/td>\nSan Diego Convention Center<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u958b\u50ac\u65e5\u7a0b<\/td>\n2013\/11\/09-2013\/11\/13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n \n<\/div>\n

 
\n 
\n 
\n1. \u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u306e\u8a73\u7d30
\n2013\/11\/09-2013\/11\/13\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\uff0cSan Diego Convention Center\u306b\u3066\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305fNeuroScience2013\uff08http:\/\/www.sfn.org\/annual-meeting\/neuroscience-2013<\/a>\uff09\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306eNeuroScience2013\u306f\uff0cThe Society for Neuroscience\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e3b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u305f\u96c6\u4f1a\u3067\uff0c\u201c\u8133\u3068\u795e\u7d4c\u7cfb\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u9032\u3081\uff0c\u7a2e\u3005\u306e\u80cc\u666f\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u306e\u4fc3\u9032\u201d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30e1\u30a4\u30f3\u30c6\u30fc\u30de\u3092\u3082\u3068\u306b\uff0c\u8133\u3068\u795e\u7d4c\u7cfb\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n\u79c1\u306f\uff0c9-12\u65e5\u306f\u516c\u8074\uff0c13\u65e5\u306b\u767a\u8868\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u304b\u3089\u306f\u4ed6\u306b\u5c71\u672c\u5148\u751f\uff0c\u6749\u7530\uff0c\u5927\u897f\uff0c\u771f\u5cf6\uff0c\u4e95\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e9\u5ddd\uff0c\u5c07\u7a4d\u304c\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n2. \u7814\u7a76\u767a\u8868
\n2.1. \u767a\u8868\u6982\u8981
\n\u79c1\u306f13\u65e5\u306e\u5348\u524d\u306e\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u300cMechanisms of Attention\u300d\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u767a\u8868\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u306f\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u767a\u8868\u3067\uff0c\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u63b2\u793a\u53ef\u80fd\u6642\u9593\u304c4\u6642\u9593\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\uff0c\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u767a\u8868\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306b\u6284\u9332\u3092\u8a18\u8f09\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[Purpose]In the field of functional mapping of the brain, several experiments were performed by observing the effects of the provided stimuli on subjects.\u3000 However, the same reactions could be related to different stimuli leading to different processes of higher brain functions and different activity states.\u00a0 Therefore, to associate cerebral function with a particular activity state of the brain, it is necessary to take into consideration the difference in the activity state induced by different stimuli.\u00a0 In this study, we used visual or auditory stimuli during the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) and the go\/no-go task, which are commonly used for measuring the same sustained attention. In addition, we examined the effect of these different stimuli on cerebral blood flow changes or reaction time (RT).[Methods]This experiment measures the inferior frontal gyrus of 34 healthy men performing four types of tasks using functional near-infrared spectroscopy.It has been observed that focused regions are activated when a subject performed these tasks.\u00a0 The change in total hemoglobin concentration between the rest and task periods was calculated for every subject and compared using Student’s t test (p < 0.05).\u00a0 The regions which had a significant difference in both visual and auditory stimuli were regarded as active regions.[Results]Subjects were classified into two groups on the basis of the changes in concentration at audio and visual stimulus.\u00a0 In V group, changes in concentration at visual stimulus were larger than that at auditory stimulus. In A group, the changes in concentration at auditory stimulus were larger than that at visual stimulus.\u3000 In PVT, no difference was observed in RT between V and A group.\u00a0 In contrast, ingo\/no-go task, the A group was approximately 20 ms later than V group.[Conclusions]It has generally been recognized that more the information input in the brain, more activated the brain is.\u00a0 It is believed that visual stimuli contain more information and induce more load on the brain than auditory stimuli.\u00a0 However, the A group was activated while performing audio stimulus.\u00a0 These results suggest that the A group was unable to pay attention to the visual stimulus, which had more information.\u00a0 Moreover, the amount of information of the go\/no-go task is bigger than that in PVT.\u00a0 Therefore, difference in the activity state of the brain in visual and auditory stimuli was more evident in the go\/no-go task.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 
\n2.2. \u8cea\u7591\u5fdc\u7b54
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u767a\u8868\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8cea\u7591\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>1<\/b><\/p>\n

\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u6c0f\u540d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306f\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7dcfHb\u304c\u5897\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u304b\u306f\u672a\u660e\uff0c\u90e8\u4f4d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306f\u6e1b\u5c11\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3088\u306d\uff1f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u79c1\u306f\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u4eca\u56de\u306f\u4f7f\u7528\u88c5\u7f6e\u306e\u7279\u6027\u3067\u7dcfHb\u3057\u304b\u898b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff0e\u4eca\u5f8cOxy-Hb\u3084Deoxy-Hb\u3082\u4e00\u7dd2\u306b\u8133\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u898b\u3066\u3044\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e<\/p>\n

 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>2<\/b><\/p>\n

\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u6c0f\u540d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306f\uff0csustained attention\u3092\u8a08\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u8ab2\u984c\u6642\u9593\u306f\u77ed\u3044\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\uff1f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u79c1\u306f\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3059\uff0eSustained\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u308a\u306falerting\u306e\u8a08\u6e2c\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\uff0e\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u304c\u7720\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u77ed\u3044\u8ab2\u984c\u306b\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3059\u308b\u3068\uff0c\u50d5\u306f\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u5408\u9593\u306b\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306b\u300c\u8ab2\u984c\u3092\u59cb\u3081\u307e\u3059\u3088\u300d\u306a\u3069\u3053\u307e\u3081\u306b\u58f0\u3092\u304b\u3051\u3066\u7720\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3068\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e<\/p>\n

 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>3<\/b><\/p>\n

\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u6c0f\u540d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306f\uff0c\u30de\u30eb\u30c1\u30e2\u30fc\u30c0\u30eb\u306a\u523a\u6fc0\u3067\u306f\u3084\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u306e\uff1f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u79c1\u306f\uff0c\u3084\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\uff0e\u4eca\u5f8c\u3084\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304d\u305f\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3059\u308b\u3068\uff0c\u50d5\u3082\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8996\u8074\u899a\u3092\u4eca\u5f8c\u6bd4\u3079\u3088\u3046\u3068\u601d\u3046\u306e\u3060\u3051\u308c\u3069\u96e3\u3057\u3044\uff0c\u4f55\u3092\u8a08\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u304b\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3060\u3068\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e<\/p>\n

\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>4<\/b><\/p>\n

\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u6c0f\u540d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306f\uff0c\u8996\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u3068\u8074\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u306e\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u306f\u305d\u308d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff1f\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306a\u306e\u304b\uff1f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u79c1\u306f\uff0c\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u53cd\u5fdc\u6642\u9593\u304c\u8074\u899a\uff1c\u8996\u899a\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u7684\u306b\u3044\u3044\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3057\u304b\u3057\uff0cGO\/NOGO\u306e\u8996\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u3068\u8074\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u53cd\u5fdc\u6642\u9593\u306b\u3042\u307e\u308a\u5dee\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\uff0c\u4eca\u5f8c\u8ab2\u984c\u8a2d\u8a08\u3092\u884c\u3046\u969b\u306b\u306f\u8996\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u3068\u8074\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u53cd\u5fdc\u6642\u9593\u306b\u5dee\u306e\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8ab2\u984c\u8a2d\u8a08\u306b\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/p>\n

\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e<\/p>\n

 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>5<\/b>
\n\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u6c0f\u540d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u306f\u4fe1\u53f7\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e00\u756a\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u8996\u899a\u3068\u3000\u8074\u899a\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u30fb\u5e72\u6e09\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3067\u304d\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff1f
\n\u7d30\u304b\u3044\u4fe1\u53f7\u3092\u898b\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u5927\u304d\u306a\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u63a2\u308b
\n2.3. \u611f\u60f3
\n\u300c\u6ce8\u610f\u300d\u306e\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff0c\u300c\u6ce8\u610f\u300d\u306e\u767a\u8868\u304c\u9a5a\u304f\u307b\u3069\u591a\u304f\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u540c\u3058\u30c6\u30fc\u30de\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u591a\u304f\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u767a\u8868\u3057\uff0c\u610f\u898b\u3084\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u9802\u3051\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u70ba\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u305f\u3060\uff0c\u3084\u306f\u308a\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u58c1\u3092\u611f\u3058\uff0c\u3064\u3044\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306b\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u306e\u4eba\u3068\u306e\u4ea4\u6d41\u6642\u9593\u304c\u6e1b\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u5f8c\u3067\u3059\u3054\u304f\u5f8c\u6094\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u4ed6\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\uff0c\u8996\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u3068\u8074\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u9593\u306e\u5dee\u3092\u8003\u616e\u305b\u305a\u5de6\u53f3\u534a\u7403\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u7279\u6027\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u306a\u3069\u3082\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u79c1\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u5927\u5207\u3055\u3082\u5206\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u300c\u6ce8\u610f\u300d\u4ee5\u5916\u3067\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u3084\u5168\u3066\u306e\u8133\u6a5f\u80fd\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u3042\u308bresting state\u3084default mode network\u306a\u3069\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306a\u3069\u3082\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u3059\u3054\u304f\u52c9\u5f37\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u305d\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u4f55\u767e\u679a\u4f55\u4e07\u679a\u3068\u3042\u308b\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u898b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3046\u3061\u306b\uff0c\u4f1d\u3048\u65b9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3069\u3093\u306a\u306b\u7d20\u6674\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u7814\u7a76\u3082\u610f\u5473\u304c\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308a\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u307b\u3069\u9032\u3093\u3067\u3044\u306a\u3044\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3082\u3059\u3054\u304f\u898b\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u4eca\u307e\u3067\uff0c\u81ea\u5206\u304c\u4f1d\u3048\u305f\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3084\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u304a\u304b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3044\u8fbc\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u7b49\u3092\uff0c\u81ea\u5206\u76ee\u7dda\u3067\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u3084\u30d1\u30ef\u30fc\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3092\u4f5c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u3044\u304b\u306b\u8074\u8846\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u8996\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u4f5c\u308c\u308b\u304b\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u6c17\u3065\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n 
\n3. \u8074\u8b1b
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u8907\u6570\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3092\u8074\u8b1b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Immediate effects of anterior thalamic stimulation on human cognition and emotion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a L. SUN<\/b>1<\/sup>, M. POLVIVAARA1<\/sup>, M. BRAUSE1<\/sup>, K. LEHTIMAKI2<\/sup>, J. PELTOLA2<\/sup>, *K. H. OGAWA3<\/sup>, J. OHMAN2<\/sup>, K. M. HARTIKAINEN1<\/sup>;
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Executive function
\nAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of anterior thalamic nuclei (ANT) is a novel promising therapeutic method for treating refractory epilepsy with CE approval in Europe since 2010. Despite reports of subjective memory impairments and mood disturbances in patients with ANT-DBS, little is known of the effects on cognitive and affective processes. We assessed the effects of ANT-DBS on cognitive performance and emotional reactivity in 12 patients with ANT-DBS for intractable epilepsy. \u00a0Patients performed a computer based executive-reaction time (RT) test with threat-related emotional distractors. Executive RT-test is a visual Go-NoGo attention task requiring multiple cognitive control functions to be engaged simultaneously, e.g. inhibition of prepotent responses and emotional distraction, switching rules and working memory. In addition to assessing executive performance the test taps into emotional reactivity. The DBS stimulation was switched ON (180 Hz) and OFF every few minutes with patients blind to stimulator settings. For half of the experiment the active electrode was the one closest to the ANT in postoperative CT-MRI fusion images, while for the other half the most distant electrode from the ANT was selected as an active electrode (OA). Order of active electrode contact was balanced within the group. Repeated measures analysis of variance was conducted separately for RTs and different error types with Emotional value of the distractor (neutral, unpleasant), Stimulation (ON, OFF) and active electrode Location (ANT, OA) as factors. There was a significant interaction effect of Emotion and Stimulation (p=0.004) in RT analysis. Emotional distractors significantly slowed RTs when the active electrode was in ANT (p=0.044) and when the stimulator was on (p=0.002). Commission errors, reflecting failure in withholding from responding, showed significant main effect of Stimulation (p=0.030). Stimulating ANT increased the amount of commission errors (p=0.027). In conclusion we found immediate objective effects of ANT-DBS on human cognition and emotion. ANT-DBS impaired cognitive control and altered emotional reactivity. The results bear clinical relevance in highlighting the need to consider affective and cognitive side-effects along with the therapeutic effect when choosing the optimal stimulation parameters. The Executive RT-test might be used as a tool to objectively assess subtle alterations in affective and cognitive processes due to DBS. Also, this study introduces a novel window into affective processes by modulating the limbic system with direct stimulation of a key node in the thalamus.
\n\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\uff0cGO\/NOGO task\u3092\u65bd\u884c\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\uff0c\u5148\u884c\u523a\u6fc0\u306b\u611f\u60c5\u3092\u767a\u751f\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u523a\u6fc0\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3068\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u304cemotional\u306e\u51e6\u7406\u306b\u50cd\u304d\u53cd\u5fdc\u6642\u9593\u304c\u9045\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7814\u7a76\u767a\u8868\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u79c1\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3082GO\/NOGO task\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8ab2\u984c\u523a\u6fc0\u306e\u9055\u3044\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u9762\u767d\u3044\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u6ce8\u610f\u6a5f\u80fd\u3084\u53cd\u5fdc\u6291\u5236\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308c\u3070\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u307b\u3069\u53cd\u5fdc\u6642\u9593\u304c\u9045\u304f\u306a\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u79c1\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3082\u4eca\u5f8c\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u3084\u53cd\u5fdc\u6642\u9593\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u30d0\u30e9\u3064\u304b\u305b\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\uff0cemotional\u3092\u8ab2\u984c\u8a2d\u8a08\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u5165\u308c\u308b\u304b\u5165\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3082\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Longer reaction time is associated with increased task-specific cognitive control and decreased default mode activity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a*A. D. BARBER<\/b>1,2<\/sup>, B. S. CAFFO3<\/sup>, J. J. PEKAR1,2<\/sup>, S. H. MOSTOFSKY1,2<\/sup>;
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Executive function
\nAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Within-subject, trial-to-trial fluctuations in reaction time (RT) may reflect fluctuations in attention, integration of information across regions that implement different aspects of the task, or state changes in global network efficiency. Previous studies have found that specific regions are influenced by RT independent of task demands, which may reflect the particular function of the region (e.g. response selection demand). The current study examined RT effects on brain activity in two Go\/No-go tasks: a Simple task with an intuitive stimulus-response mapping (green=go, red=no-go) and a Repeat task, with an inconsistent stimulus-response mapping (color change=go, color repeat=no-go), which required working memory for task performance.
\n22 healthy adults were scanned for two blocks on each task. Image preprocessing and analysis occurred in SPM5. First-level general linear models included up to seven condition trial onset regressors (Post-Rest Go, Go, Go RT, No-go, Commission Error, Omission Error, and Anticipatory trials on which the RT<200 msec), which were convolved with the canonical HRF, temporal and dispersion derivatives. In addition, nuisance regressors (six motion parameters, mean white matter, mean cerebrospinal fluid, and mean whole brain time-courses) and a block regressor for each functional run were included. First-level contrasts of Go RT revealed those regions that increased or decreased activity linearly with RT for the Simple and Repeat Tasks separately. Second-level group effects were examined across subjects.
\nIn the Simple Task, slower RT was associated with increased activation in visual (BA 19), inferior and superior temporal (BA 37\/39\/22), inferior and superior parietal (BA 7\/40), and postcentral gyrus (BA 5\/2). In the Repeat Task, activation increases with RT occurred within a right frontal region spanning dorso- and ventrolateral cortices (BA 9\/44\/45\/46), anterior insula (BA 13), pre-supplementary motor area and anterior cingulate (BA 6\/8\/32) and bilateral parietal regions mainly confined to inferior and superior parietal cortex (BA 7\/40) with greater extent into supramarginal and angular gyri on the right side. Examination of regions that showed decreased activity with slower RT revealed the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC: BA 9\/10\/32) for both tasks.
\nRT modulated activity in a unique set of regions for the two tasks, reflecting task-specific cognitive\/attention control. Increased recruitment of these regions may reflect greater deliberate control in slow RT trials. Decreased MPFC activation in slow RT trials may reflect default mode network suppression when control increased.
\n\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306fGO\/NOGO task\u306e\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u3092\u8996\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u306e\u8272\u5909\u5316\u3067\u8a2d\u8a08\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u304c\u9ad8\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3068\u524d\u982d\u90e8\u306e\u6b63\u4e2d\u7dda\u4ed8\u8fd1\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u90e8\u4f4d\u304c\u4e0b\u90e8\u306b\u306a\u308b\u305d\u3046\u3060\uff0e\u53cd\u5fdc\u6642\u9593\u3068\u8133\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3082\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u53cd\u5fdc\u6642\u9593\u3068\u30c7\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30c8\u30e2\u30fc\u30c9\u30fb\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n\u306a\u304a\uff0c\u7c21\u5358\u306a\u8ab2\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u9045\u3044RT\u306f\u8996\u899a\u91ce(BA19)\uff0c\u4e0b\u5074\u982d\u8449\uff0c\u4e0a\u5074\u982d\u8449(BA 37\/39\/22)\uff0c\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5f8c\u56de(BA 5\/2)\u3092\u6d3b\u6027\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\uff0e\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u8ab2\u984c\u3067\u306fRT\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u53f3\u524d\u982d\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u80cc\u5074\u3068\u8179\u5074\u90e8(BA 9\/44\/45\/46),\u524d\u5cf6(BA 13)\uff0c\u524d\u88dc\u8db3\u904b\u52d5\u91ce\u3068\u524d\u5e2f\u72b6(BA 6\/8\/32)\uff0c\u53f3\u5074\u306e\u89d2\u5ea6\u5909\u5316\u56de\u3084\u982d\u9802\u76ae\u8cea (BA 7\/40)\u3067\u6d3b\u6027\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff0e\u9045\u3044RT\u3067\u4e0d\u6d3b\u6027\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u9818\u57df\u306f\u5185\u5074\u524d\u982d\u524d\u76ae\u8cea(MPFC: BA 9\/10\/32)\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Separating auditory and visual attention networks using eye tracking and fMRI<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a*R. M. BRAGA<\/b>, R. FU, R. J. S. WISE, R. LEECH;
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Attentional networks
\nAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a The dorsal attention network (DAN) is frequently proposed to be active for top-down attention to all sensory inputs (e.g. vision, audition, touch). However, most of the evidence for the DAN comes from visual studies, and its involvement in auditory attention is inconclusive. Core DAN regions the superior parietal lobe and frontal eye fields have retinotopic organization and are known to be involved in controlling eye movement. We therefore investigated whether activation of the DAN during auditory attention could be due to inadvertent control of eye movement.
\nWe used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3T with eye tracking in 20 humans who were performing a simple spatial\/non-spatial listening task. Subjects were cued to listen to one of two competing melodies and were required to detect a key\/pitch change that occurred unpredictably within some of the 8s trials. The competing sounds were played dichotically and diotically, meaning that spatial information was available in a portion of the trials. Eye movements were tracked inside the scanner. Subjects were na\u00efve to the experimental hypothesis and were not told to fixate during the listening trials so that natural viewing and listening conditions could be studied. We covaried the effects of eye movement from an fMRI analysis to probe whether the networks for ocular control are separable from auditory attention.
\nOur behavioural results show that eye movement control occurs inadvertently but systematically during attentive listening. Subjects fixated significantly more during listening compared to rest trials, regardless of the experimental condition. In addition, during spatial (diotic) trials, subjects\u2019 gaze position was biased towards the visual space ipsilateral to the target sound. The fMRI results showed strong activations related to eye movement that overlapped with the DAN, allowing separation of networks for eye movement control and auditory attention.
\nOur results suggest that auditory attention elicits systematic eye movements under natural listening conditions. This finding can help explain the controversy regarding the supposedly amodal nature of the DAN. Although the DAN may be recruited during auditory top-down attention, its role may remain a visual one [[unable to display character: &#8211;]] to reduce and bias eye movements in order to facilitate auditory perception. This suggests that top-down attention to a given modality may require the modulation of sensory control networks subserving other modalities. These cross-network interactions between the sensory systems may explain why the DAN, a largely visual network, is frequently implicated in non-visual top-down attention.
\n\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\u80cc\u5074\u6ce8\u610f\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\uff08DAN\uff09\u304c\u8996\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u5b9f\u9a13\u304c\u591a\u3044\u306e\u3067\uff0c\u8074\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u3067\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u884c\u3044\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u982d\u9802\u90e8\u3084\u524d\u982d\u773c\u91ce\u304c\u6ce8\u610f\u5236\u5fa1\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\/\u975e\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u8074\u899a\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u7528\u3044\uff0cfMRI\u3068\u8996\u7dda\u8ffd\u8de1\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u8a08\u6e2c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u3059\u3054\u304f\u4eba\u6c17\u3092\u96c6\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u767a\u8868\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3084\u306f\u308a\u8ab2\u984c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u304c\u5909\u308f\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff0c\u30ad\u30fc\u3068\u306a\u308b\u9818\u57df\u304c\u540c\u3058\uff0c\u307e\u305f\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u5927\u5207\u306a\u306e\u3060\u306a\u3042\u3068\u30e2\u30c1\u30d9\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u4e0a\u304c\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n 
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Common principles underlying visual, auditory and tactile working memory resources<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a*S. JOSEPH<\/b>1<\/sup>, S. KUMAR2,3<\/sup>, P. IVERSON4<\/sup>, S. TEKI3<\/sup>, S. K. SCOTT*1<\/sup>, T. D. GRIFFITHS2,3<\/sup>, M. HUSAIN*5,6<\/sup>;
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Working memory
\nAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a A prevalent view of working memory (WM) considers it to be capacity-limited, fixed to a set number of items. However, recent shared resource models of WM have challenged this \u2018quantized\u2019 account using measures of recall precision. Although this conceptual framework can account for several features of visual WM, it remains to be established whether it applies to other sensory modalities.
\nWe tested whether the resource model can be extended to auditory and tactile WM. For the audition, recall precision was measured for pitch and speech sounds. With respect to touch, we measured precision for vibrotactile frequencies. Novel matching tasks were designed to probe participants\u2019 memory for each stimulus feature. In each experiment, after the presentation of a sequence of stimuli, a probe stimulus appeared which had to be adjusted to match a selected target. This continuous, analog response method allowed us to measure recall precision for the respective stimulus feature. Crucially, this provides an index of the variability of a memory representation around its true value, rather than a binary \u201cyes\/no\u201d recall measure typically used in change detection paradigms.
\nOur findings support key predictions made by the resource model: We show a monotonous decline in memory precision with an increase in memory load, suggesting no discrete item limit, for audition and touch. The results show that there is no fixed upper limit to the number of stimuli that can be stored in WM, a principle that obtains across sensory modalities. Instead, the resource model, previously shown to account for visual WM processes, can be extended to auditory and tactile WM. A unified mechanism – the resource model – provides a biologically plausible description for WM mechanisms across the senses.
\n\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306a\u5b9f\u9a13\u304c\u591a\u304f\u884c\u308f\u308c\uff0c\u30ea\u30bd\u30fc\u30b9\u30fb\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3082\u8996\u899a\u7684\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u3082\u3068\u306b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u8074\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u3084\u89e6\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3082\u62e1\u5f35\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u3084\u6ce8\u610f\u306e\u5bb9\u91cf\u3084\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\uff0c\u3084\u306f\u308a\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u6307\u6a19\u3092\u63a2\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3068\u518d\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3084\u306f\u308a\u73fe\u5728\u691c\u8a0e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306a\u3069\u306f\u8996\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u3092\u3082\u3068\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c\u591a\u304f\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u8ab2\u984c\u306b\u56e0\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u304c\u898b\u76f4\u3055\u308c\u59cb\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Visual rhythm perception improves through multisensory (but not unisensory) training<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a*B. BARAKAT<\/b>1<\/sup>, A. R. SEITZ2<\/sup>, L. SHAMS1<\/sup>;
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Human learning: Perceptual and spatial learning
\nAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Research has shown that multisensory training can facilitate unisensory perceptual learning (Seitz et al., 2006,Current Biology<\/i>; Kim et al., 2008,\u00a0PLoS ONE<\/i>). This facilitation has been demonstrated in visual motion perception, but it is unclear whether this phenomenon generalizes to other types of perceptual learning. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that, compared to the auditory modality, the visual modality is significantly less proficient at discriminating the rhythms of temporal sequences. However, no previous study has examined whether rhythm discrimination in the visual modality is a trainable perceptual skill. In light of this, we examined whether multisensory training can facilitate participants\u2019 ability to discriminate visual rhythmic sequences before, during, and after two days of perceptual training. Participants were trained with either visual-only or audio-visual stimuli. Specifically, participants performed a visual rhythm discrimination task in which they judged whether the rhythms of two consecutive visual sequences (as conveyed by a blinking white disc) were the same or different. During training, the audio-visual group was presented with pure tone beeps that were congruent with the onsets\/offsets of the blinking white disc, whereas the visual-only group was presented with only the visual stimulus. During pre- and post-tests, both groups were tested with visual stimuli only. We find that visual rhythm discrimination is improved in the audio-visual training group, but not in the visual-only training group. Furthermore, the improvements in the audio-visual group were long-term (>24 hours between tests). Our results suggest that, in certain tasks, performance in one modality can not only be facilitated by engaging another modality during training, but it may be a necessary condition to produce learning when unisensory training alone is insufficient.
\n\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\u591a\u611f\u899a\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u304c\u5358\u4e00\u611f\u899a\u5b66\u7fd2\u3092\u5411\u4e0a\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u304c\u8996\u899a\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u8074\u899a\u3067\u3082\u518d\u73fe\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u611f\u899a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b66\u7fd2\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6210\u7e3e\u5411\u4e0a\u306e\u50be\u5411\u304c\u9055\u3046\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306f\uff0c\u4eca\u5f8c\u79c1\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3082\u95a2\u4e0e\u3059\u308b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u591a\u611f\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u3068\u5358\u4e00\u523a\u6fc0\u3067\u306f\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u304c\uff0c\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u304c\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u975e\u4fb5\u8972\u306a\u5b9f\u9a13\u3067\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u5358\u4e00\u523a\u6fc0\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u3057\uff0c\u691c\u8a0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u306f\u6c17\u3092\u3064\u3051\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e<\/p>\n

\n

\u5b66\u4f1a\u53c2\u52a0\u5831\u544a\u66f8<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/b>\u5831\u544a\u8005\u6c0f\u540d<\/b><\/td>\n\u5927\u897f\u590f\u5b50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767a\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb<\/b><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767a\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u82f1\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb<\/b><\/td>\nDiscussion of brain functional on the effects of
\ncolor temperature on sustained attention using functional near-infrared spectroscopy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u8457\u8005<\/b><\/td>\nNatsuko\u3000ONISH,Misato\u3000TANAKA,
\nArika FUKUSHIMA,Mizuho\u3000TANAKA,
\nTomoko WAKAMURA,Utako YAMAMOTO,
\nTomoyuki\u3000HIROYASU<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e3b\u50ac<\/b><\/td>\nSociety for\u00a0Neuroscience<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u540d<\/b><\/td>\nNeuroscience2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4f1a\u5834<\/b><\/td>\nSan Diego Convention Center<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u958b\u50ac\u65e5\u7a0b<\/b><\/td>\n2013\/11\/09-2013\/11\/13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n \n<\/div>\n

 
\n1. \u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u306e\u8a73\u7d30
\n2013\/11\/09\u304b\u30892013\/11\/13\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\uff0cSan Diego Convention Center\u306b\u3066\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305fNeuroscience2013 1) \u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306eNeuroscience2013\u306f\uff0cSociety for\u00a0Neuroscience\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e3b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u3067\uff0c\u751f\u4f53\u8a08\u6e2c\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8133\u6a5f\u80fd\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u30f3\u30b0\u88c5\u7f6e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066Neurosciencene\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u884c\u3044\uff0c\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u4fc3\u9032\u3084\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u5fdc\u7528\u306b\u3088\u308a\uff0c\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u6cd5\u306e\u958b\u767a\u3084\u8133\u795e\u7d4c\u5b66\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u6df1\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n\u79c1\u306f8\uff5e13\u65e5\u306e\u4f1a\u671f\u5168\u3066\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u304b\u3089\u306f\u4ed6\u306b\u5c71\u672c\u5148\u751f\uff0c\u6728\u6751\uff0c\u6749\u7530\uff0c\u5c07\u7a4d\uff0c\u4e95\u4e0a\uff0c\u771e\u5cf6\uff0c\u65e9\u5ddd\u304c\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n2. \u7814\u7a76\u767a\u8868
\n2.1. \u767a\u8868\u6982\u8981
\n\u79c1\u306f13\u65e5\u306e\u5348\u5f8c\u306e\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u300cFunctional Mechanisms of Attention \u2161\u300d\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u767a\u8868\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u306f\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u767a\u8868\u3067\uff0c60\u5206\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u6642\u9593\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u614b\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u8272\u6e29\u5ea6\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6ce8\u610f\u306e\u6301\u7d9a\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u306f\u300cDiscussion of brain functional on the effects of
\ncolor temperature on sustained attention using functional near-infrared spectroscopy\u300d
\n\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306b\u6284\u9332\u3092\u8a18\u8f09\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
[Purpose]We investigated the effect of color temperature on sustained attention from the point of view of brain function using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). This study aims to derive appropriate light environments for operating efficiency. This study describes that high color temperature improved the performance and the superiority of right hemisphere of the brain.[Methods]To investigate brain activity during sustained attention, subjects performed go\/no-go task. Thirty-four healthy young men (age, 21.5 \u00b1 0.5 years) participated in this study. We measured cerebral blood flow changes in the inferior frontal cortex (IFC) under sustained attention using fNIRS. During the go\/no-go task, subjects were exposed to two different lights (high color temperature at 7966 \u00b1 65 K and low color temperature at 3226 \u00b1 28 K). We investigated the go\/no-go task performance and hemispheric dominance during sustained attention. The performance was evaluated based on an error rate and reaction time (RT) of the go\/no-go task. Reaction of the subject was counted as error when the reaction time of go trials was >500 ms. Laterality index (LI) was used to evaluate the hemispheric dominance of sustained attention. We investigated the hemispheric dominance using the median of the total hemoglobin change (L: left IFC, R: right IFC) during the go\/no-go task.[Results]Approximately 68% subjects demonstrated fast reaction on high color temperature, whereas they exhibited significantly shorter RT on high color temperature (p < 0.05). LI analysis demonstrated that IFC activity was higher in the right hemisphere when exposed to high color temperature.\u00a0 We suggest that high color temperature affects the right hemisphere superiority and improves performances.\u00a0 When we considered error rates, we observed that the group of low error rate was significantly smaller at high color temperature (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the group of subjects with low error rates demonstrated a greater IFC activation when exposed to high color temperature than subjects with high error rates.
\n[Conclusions]
\nThis study demonstrates that high color temperature affects the right IFC and is associated with improved cognitive performances. The results reveal that when exposed to high color temperature, almost all subjects performed fast responses.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 
\n2.2. \u8cea\u7591\u5fdc\u7b54
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u767a\u8868\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8cea\u7591\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u30fbfNIRS\u3068\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u88c5\u7f6e\u306a\u306e\u304b\uff0e<\/b>
\n\u4e5d\u5dde\u5de5\u696d\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u6c34\u91ce\u96c5\u6674\u5148\u751f\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e
\n\u751f\u4f53\u3092\u900f\u904e\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u8fd1\u8d64\u5916\u5149\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8133\u306e\u795e\u7d4c\u6d3b\u52d5\u306b\u4f34\u3044\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308bOxy-Hb\u3068Deoxy-Hb\u306e\u76f8\u5bfe\u5909\u5316\u91cf\u3092\u8a08\u6e2c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u88c5\u7f6e\uff0c\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb<\/b>GO\/NOGO Task<\/b>\u3067\u97f3\u523a\u6fc0\u4ee5\u5916\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff0e<\/b>
\n\u3000<\/b>\u4e5d\u5dde\u5de5\u696d\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u6c34\u91ce\u96c5\u6674\u5148\u751f\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e
\n\u30e9\u30f3\u30d7\u3092\u70b9\u706f\u3055\u305b\u308b\u523a\u6fc0\u3084\u9854\u306e\u8868\u60c5\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u8996\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\uff0c\u6307\u306b\u96fb\u6c17\u523a\u6fc0\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u4f53\u6027\u611f\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u306a\u3069\u304c\u5148\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0c\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u4ed6\u306e\u523a\u6fc0\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\uff0c\u9055\u3063\u305f\u9762\u767d\u3044\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb<\/b>Blue<\/b>\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u304c\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306a\u4f5c\u696d\u306f\u4ed6\u306b\u4f55\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c<\/b>Red<\/b>\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u304c\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306a\u4f5c\u696d\u306f\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff0e<\/b>
\n\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u79d1\u306e\u4e2d\u5cf6\u60a0\u4ecb\u3055\u3093\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e
\nBlue\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u304c\u9069\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4f5c\u696d\u306f\u8a08\u7b97\u3084\u77ed\u671f\u96c6\u4e2d\u3067\u4f5c\u696d\u3092\u884c\u3044\u305f\u3044\u6642\uff0cRed\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u304c\u9069\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4f5c\u696d\u306f\u8aad\u66f8\u3084\u4f1a\u8b70\u306e\u6642\uff0c\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0eBlue\u3084Red\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u8272\u6e29\u5ea6\u3067\u3082\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3088\u3044\u306e\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb<\/b>fNIRS<\/b>\u5b9f\u9a13\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306e\u8ca0\u62c5\u306f\u5927\u304d\u3044\u306e\u304b\uff0e<\/b>
\n\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u79d1\u306e\u4e2d\u5cf6\u60a0\u4ecb\u3055\u3093\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e
\nfNIRS\u306f\u975e\u4fb5\u8972\u3067\uff0c\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306f\u5ea7\u4f4d\u3084\u904b\u52d5\u306a\u3069\u81ea\u7531\u306a\u4f53\u5236\u3067\u8a08\u6e2c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u8ca0\u62c5\u306f\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff0c\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u00a0<\/b>
\n\u30fb\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306e\u7fa4\u5206\u3051\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u884c\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\uff0e<\/b>
\n\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u79d1\u306e\u4e2d\u5cf6\u60a0\u4ecb\u3055\u3093\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e
\n\u5b9f\u9a13\u958b\u59cb\u524d\u306bPOMS\u306e\u30a2\u30f3\u30b1\u30fc\u30c8\u306b\u56de\u7b54\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3044\uff0c6\u3064\u306e\u5c3a\u5ea6\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u5f97\u70b9\u306820\u4ee3\u7537\u5b50\u306e\u5e74\u9f62\u968e\u7d1a\u5225\u5f97\u70b9\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3059\u308b\u3068\uff0c\u300c\u6d3b\u6c17\u300d\u306e\u9805\u76ee\u306e\u307f\u6b63\u5e38\u5024\u3092\u9038\u8131\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\uff0c\u300c\u6d3b\u6c17\u300d\u306e\u5f97\u70b9\u304c\u6b63\u5e38\u5024\u3092\u300c\u6d3b\u6c17\u7fa4\u300d\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u5916\u3092\u300c\u4e0d\u6d3b\u6c17\u7fa4\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7fa4\u5206\u3051\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\uff0c\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb<\/b>Task Performance<\/b>\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u7fa4\u9593\u3067\u6709\u610f\u306a\u5dee\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\uff0e<\/b>
\nSwartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego\u306e\u5bae\u8170\u8aa0\u5148\u751f\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e
\n\u7fa4\u5185\u3067\u306fBlue\u3068Red\u3067\u6709\u610f\u306a\u5dee\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u7fa4\u9593\u3067\u306f\u6709\u610f\u306a\u5dee\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff0c\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u30d6\u30fc\u30c8\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u6cd5\u306a\u3069\u8272\u3005\u306a\u691c\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u305f\u3089\u6709\u610f\u306a\u5dee\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\uff0c\u3068\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u30fb<\/b>Blue<\/b>\u3068<\/b>Red<\/b>\u3067\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\uff0c<\/b>Green<\/b>\u306e\u8272\u6e29\u5ea6\u3067\u5b9f\u9a13\u306f\u884c\u308f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\uff0e<\/b>
\nOHAIPAT CHUNHARAS\u3055\u3093\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e
\n\u8272\u5ea6\u56f3\u3092\u898b\u3066\u9802\u304d\uff0c\u8272\u6e29\u5ea6\u3067\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u7dd1\u8272\u3092\u8868\u3059\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306f\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\uff0c\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fbPOMS\u306e\u30a2\u30f3\u30b1\u30fc\u30c8\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u56de\u7b54\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff0e<\/b>
\n\u3000\u3000<\/b>Yang YouPing\u3055\u3093\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e
\n\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9805\u76ee\u3054\u3068\u306b\u300c\u307e\u3063\u305f\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f (0 \u70b9)\u300d\u304b\u3089\u300c\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u591a\u304f\u3042\u3063\u305f (4 \u70b9)\u300d\u307e\u3067\u306e 5 \u6bb5\u968e (0\uff5e4 \u70b9) \u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u4e00\u3064\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0c\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb<\/b>GO\/NOGO Task<\/b>\u3068\u306f\u3069\u3093\u306a\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u304b\uff0e<\/b>
\n\u3000<\/b>\u4eac\u90fd\u5927\u5b66\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u306e\u6749\u672c\u5149\u3055\u3093\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e
\nGO\u4fe1\u53f7\u3068NOGO\u4fe1\u53f7\u306e\u4e8c\u7a2e\u985e\u306e\u523a\u6fc0\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\uff0cGO\u4fe1\u53f7\u306e\u6642\u306b\u306f\u7d20\u65e9\u304f\u53cd\u5fdc\u3057\uff0cNOGO\u4fe1\u53f7\u306e\u6642\u306b\u306f\u53cd\u5fdc\u3057\u306a\u3044\u8ab2\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e\u8133\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u306b\u306f\uff0cNOGO\u4fe1\u53f7\u306b\u306f\u53cd\u5fdc\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53cd\u5fdc\u3092\u6291\u5236\u3059\u308b\u6a5f\u80fd\u50cd\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0c\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n2.3. \u611f\u60f3
\n\u521d\u3081\u3066\u306e\u56fd\u969b\u5b66\u4f1a\u3067\u7dca\u5f35\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u591a\u304f\u306e\u65b9\u3068\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30ab\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\uff0c\u3068\u3066\u3082\u3088\u3044\u7d4c\u9a13\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u8074\u8b1b\u306e\u969b\u306b\u306f\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u306b\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u82f1\u8a9e\u304c\u306a\u304b\u306a\u304b\u4f1d\u308f\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u308a\uff0c\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u304c\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3057\u3066\u306e\u3067\uff0c\u3082\u3063\u3068\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u52c9\u5f37\u3092\u9811\u5f35\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3064\u305f\u306a\u3044\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u3082\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u9802\u3051\u305f\u306f\u5b09\u3057\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u591a\u65b9\u5411\u306e\u8996\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u306e\u610f\u898b\u3092\u9802\u304d\uff0c\u3068\u3066\u3082\u8cb4\u91cd\u306a\u7d4c\u9a13\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u52c9\u5f37\u3068\u5171\u306b\u7814\u7a76\u3082\u3088\u308a\u4e00\u5c64\u9811\u5f35\u308a\u305f\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n3. \u8074\u8b1b
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4e0b\u8a18\u306e5\u4ef6\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3092\u8074\u8b1b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Parahippocampal and retrosplenial cortex are more active during remembering than during episodic future thinking\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a A. W. GILMORE, S. M. NELSON, K. B. MCDERMOTT\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Human Cognition and BehaviorAbstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aRecent neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that both remembering events from the past and imagining events in the future activate a common set of regions within the human brain\u2019s default network (Schacter et al., 2012). While researchers have often found regions exhibiting greater activity for imagined future events relative to remembered past events (e.g., Szpunar et al, 2007), the reverse pattern (i.e., Remember > Imagine) has not been consistently observed. A number of hypotheses (Addis et al., 2007; Szpunar et al., 2007) suggest that this is due to the increased processing demands present during future simulation when combining details into a novel, coherent narrative. A reasonable alternative is that studies have simply failed to isolate regions showing greater activity for remembered past events. This subfield of cognitive neuroscience is still in its relative infancy, having come to the fore a little over half a decade ago, and thus the number of studies that have been conducted so far is relatively small. In this study we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to attempt to locate regions that show sensitivity to remembered past events by asking participants to remember events from their past, imagine events that might occur in their future, or imagine events involving a familiar other. Across 3 separate experiments we found regions in paraphippocampal and retrosplenial cortex that show greater activity when remembering past events than in other experimental conditions. By using both standard rapid event-related and catch trial fMRI designs (Ollinger et al., 2001), we found that this sensitivity persists when examining task trials as a whole, or when controlling for possible differences in trial-by-trial task orientation signals in the BOLD response. These regions have previously been implicated in mental simulation, and sit adjacent to, but outside of, the default network. They correspond to locations that are thought to be involved in processing contextual information (Bar, 2009). We hypothesize from these results that a signature of past experience is, at least in part, based on the amount of contextual information associated with a given event during episodic simulation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\uff0c\u5358\u7d14\u8a18\u61b6\u3088\u308a\u3082\u6587\u8108\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u8a18\u61b6\u306e\u6642\u306bPHC\u3068RSC\u3067\u5f37\u3044\u5fdc\u7b54\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5831\u544a\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u7d4c\u9a13\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u672a\u6765\u3092\u4e88\u60f3\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3068\u540c\u3058\u90e8\u4f4d\u3067\u306e\u8840\u6d41\u5897\u52a0\u304c\u78ba\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aNeural basis of object-based shifting of attention in working memory\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aB. PETERS, B. RAHM, J. KAISER, C. BLEDOWSKI,\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aHuman Cognition and BehaviorAbstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Working memory (WM) enables the retention of a limited number of items for a short period of time. In addition, many situations require that a subset of WM contents be transiently prioritized for processing by focusing attention on them. Current models of WM suggest that the same attentional mechanisms that are known from perception also operate in WM. In vision, shifts of attention between spatial positions within the boundaries of one object are performed faster than shifts between positions located on different objects. This within-object benefit can be explained by an automatic spread of attention within perceived object boundaries in visual cortex. Hypothesizing the same attentional mechanisms in WM as in perception, we tested whether the within-object benefit can be observed, both on the behavioral and neural level, when subjects focus attention on spatial positions that are no longer physically present but represented in WM. 20 healthy subjects were presented two objects each containing two highlighted spatial positions. They had to memorize all four spatial positions. Attentional shifts in WM were faster for spatial positions located on the same object compared with equidistant positions on separate objects. Shifting attention in WM thus showed a within-object benefit comparable to the effect observed in a perceptual version of the same task. This behavioral benefit was associated with increased BOLD activity in posterior parietal cortex that could not be explained by differences in eye movements between conditions. Moreover, analysis of retinotopic visual cortex revealed that the automatic spread of attention within object boundaries was present also for information held in WM. Specifically, when attention was shifted to a memorized position, activity in early visual areas was enhanced at the retinotopic location corresponding to the second position co-located on the same object compared to equidistant positions located on the other object. These results extend the previous suggestion of shared mechanisms of spatial attention in perception and WM by demonstrating that this notion also holds for object-based attention. Attentional selection of a memorized position leads to a neural co-activation of another memorized position within the same object. This suggests that when object-like representations are held in WM, attentional selection includes activation of the complete object, thus accounting for the within-object benefit.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\uff0c\u7269\u4f53\u306e\u7a7a\u9593\u8a8d\u77e5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u306e\u50cd\u304d\u3092\u8abf\u67fb\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u7269\u4f53\u3092\u79fb\u52d5\u3055\u305b\u305f\u5f8c\u306b\uff0c\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306e\u8996\u91ce\u63a2\u7d22\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d\uff0c\u7269\u4f53\u304c\u4ee5\u524d\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306b\u6700\u3082\u6ce8\u610f\u304c\u5411\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8a3c\u660e\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff0e\u7a7a\u9593\u8a8d\u77e5\u306e\u969b\u306b\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u306e\u5909\u5316\u304c\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8840\u6d41\u5897\u52a0\u3068\u5f8c\u982d\u90e8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u304c\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000The song in your head: identifying tonal frequency patterns in auditory cortex\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a J. M. THOMAS, I. FINE, G. M. BOYNTON,\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Auditory SystemAbstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Purpose:Recent fMRI (Formisano et al. 2008) and EEG studies (Schaefer et al. 2011) have shown that it is possible to identify an auditory stimulus based on the spatial pattern of activity within human auditory cortex (AC). Here we describe a decoding method using the quantitative population receptive-field model (Dumoulin and Wandell 2008) to estimate what auditory stimulus was presented based on BOLD responses in AC (Kay et al. 2004). Using this model we were able to not only successfully classify novel stimuli, but also to accurately estimate the frequencies presented in the stimulus over time. For simple pure tone stimuli, it is possible to reconstruct a reasonable representation of a person’s auditory experience from measurements of brain activity. Methods: Data were collected from 4 subjects (age: 26\u2010 45 years) on a 3T Philips Achieva using an 8-channel head coil. Pure tone stimuli were presented at an equal perceived volume (65-85 dB) as a random sequence of 240 unique frequency blocks (88-8000 Hz). Our pRF analysis assumes that the sensitivity of a voxel is a 1D Gaussian of log frequency and finds the centers and widths that best-predict the fMRI time-courses to the random stimulus. These pRFs were then used to estimate the frequencies presented over time from the time series generated by novel pure-tone sequences. This was done with a fitting algorithm that identified the series of frequencies for which the (previously estimated) pRFs generated a predicted time series that best matched the measured BOLD responses to the novel stimulus over time. Results: pRF centers were tonotopically arranged in mirror-symmetric gradients running perpendicular to Heschl\u2019s gyrus, likely corresponding to hA1 and hR subdivisions of primary auditory cortex (PAC) (Da Costa et al. 2011, Humphries et al. 2010, Striem-Amit et al. 2011). Performance classifying different tone sequences was near perfect. When identifying individual tones over time, the correlation for individual TRs between the actual frequency presented and the predicted frequency was .7632. Averaging across all trials (subjects, scans, and TRs) the correlation was .9631. Tone identification errors were limited to tones similar in frequency likely due to the relatively broad pRF bandwidths of most voxels, evoking similar levels of activation for nearby tones. Conclusions: The pRF model can be used in auditory cortex to identify individual pure tones presented over time. A natural extension will be to apply these methods to more natural and behaviorally relevant stimuli, such as music (Schaefer et al. 2011) and speech (Formisano et al. 2008).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\uff0cpRF\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306f\uff0c\u7d4c\u6642\u5909\u7684\u306b\u5448\u793a\u3055\u308c\uff0c\u500b\u3005\u306e\u7d14\u97f3\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u8074\u899a\u91ce\u3067\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u97f3\u697d\u3084\u97f3\u58f0\u306a\u3069\u3088\u308a\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3068\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u95a2\u9023\u523a\u6fc0\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5831\u544a\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\uff0e
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\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Memory for nonspatial context in parahippocampal cortex\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a R. A. DIANA, R. W. STRONG, A. M. A. FEHR\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Human Medial Temporal Lobe:NeurophysiologyAbstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Episodic memory is defined by the association between an event and its context. The context of an event is the collection of details that characterize the event\u2019s placement in time and space as well as its associations with other events. Such context details may even include information in the background of an event that is ostensibly irrelevant to the task at hand (as discussed by Elward & Rugg). Parahippocampal cortex (PHc) is known to be preferentially active during scene perception and therefore has been implicated in processing of spatial context. Recent theories, however, propose that PHc may process other types of contextual information, including nonspatial details such as an individual\u2019s cognitive state or \u201ctrain of thought\u201d at the time of encoding (e.g. Diana et al, 2012). Evidence for the role of PHc in general contextual encoding comes from source memory studies in which encoding questions are specifically manipulated as the context of an event. These studies have consistently demonstrated a correlation between PHc activation and successful context retrieval, both when encoding questions were designed to be spatial and nonspatial in nature (see Diana et al., 2007 for a review). However, Epstein & Ward (2010) have questioned whether these previous experiments provide clear evidence for nonspatial processing in PHc, pointing out that even those source manipulations that were not intended to be spatial in nature may have included contrasts of recollection that could be based on spatial distinctions (e.g., Ranganath et al., 2004). The current study was designed to investigate medial temporal lobe activation associated memory for context information that lacks spatial components. Participants studied a series of words using encoding questions that were intended to limit the relevance of spatial information in context retrieval (e.g., judging a word\u2019s part of speech). fMRI images were collected during both encoding and retrieval of context information. Subsequent memory analyses revealed that trials with successful context encoding (i.e., correct recollection on a later test trial) produced more activation in left PHc than did trials with unsuccessful source encoding (i.e., the decision to \u201cskip\u201d the source memory judgment for lack of information during a later test trial.) Our finding suggests that encoding of nonspatial context information is reflected in PHc activation and converges with findings by Aminoff & Tarr. We will discuss the implications of this result for processing of episodic context including the contributions of other brain regions to construction of this context, as discussed by Burwell, et al.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\uff0c\u95a2\u9023\u60c5\u5831\u3068\u7121\u95a2\u9023\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5448\u793a\u3057\u305f\u969b\u306b\uff0c\u7121\u95a2\u9023\u60c5\u5831\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\uff0c\u8133\u5185\u3067\u6587\u8108\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u5831\u544a\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u30a8\u30d4\u30bd\u30fc\u30c9\u8a18\u61b6\u306e\u969b\u306b\u6d3b\u6027\u3059\u308b\u90e8\u4f4d\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5468\u56f2\u306e\u9818\u57df\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u8133\u306e\u6d3b\u6027\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000The behavioral analysis of a Go\/NoGo task in school-aged children study in the Buddhist integrated education program\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a J N. PHIANCHANA, K. SAMPOON, S. CHAITHIRAYANON, N.KOTCHABHAKDI, N. CHUTABHAKDIKUL, V. SIRIPORNPANICH\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Human Cognition and BehaviorAbstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Educational system plays a crucial role in learning process of human. It is necessary for the development of young generation of people. Buddhist integrated education program is an alternative educational program in Thailand, which encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs, and morality integrated with lessons that impact on cognition. Previous studies indicated that various meditative techniques in Buddhism can affect attention, an important component of cognition. In this study, the authors chose a Go\/NoGo task which is a test for assessing the ability of sustained attention, stimulus discrimination and response inhibition. The Go\/NoGo task requires the preparation and behavioral responses to the certain targets (Go-condition) as well as the inhibition of prepared response to other visual stimuli (NoGo-condition). The aim of present study is to investigate influence of Buddhist integrated education program on attention and inhibitory control in school-aged children by using ERP with a Go\/NoGo paradigm. Behavioral parameters included reaction time, accuracy and cue errors were measured. A total of 51 healthy Thai school-aged between 11-12 years old participated in this study. They were separated into 2 groups: Buddhist integrated education group (n=22, 6 males and 16 females) and control group (n=29, 16 males and 13 females). Participants in Buddhist integrated education group were the grade 6 students who have studied in the Buddhist integrated school for more than 5 years since grade 1 while control group were the grade 6 students who have studied in standard school since grade 1. We found that the accuracy rate of Buddhist integrated education group had higher in \u201cGo\u201d condition (94.69%) than the control group (83.97%) (p<0.05). Moreover, Buddhist integrated education group showed less cue errors to warning stimuli (1.20%) compared with controls (3.28%) (p <0.05). Although, the reaction time for \u201cGo\u201d and accuracy rate for \u201cNoGo\u201d were not significantly different between groups. As a result, students in the Buddhist integrated education program revealed a better performance than the control group in attention task which might be explained from long consideration to response stimulus. Further ERP analysis may be essential for a conclusion about the effect of Buddhist integrated education program on attention and inhibitory control in school-aged children.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\uff0c\u4ecf\u6559\u5f92\u7d71\u5408\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u305f\u82e5\u3044\u4e16\u4ee3\u306b\u8996\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u306eGO\/NOGO Task\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u969b\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u306e\u4fdd\u6301\u304a\u3088\u3073\u53cd\u5fdc\u6291\u5236\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u8abf\u67fb\u3057\u305f\u5831\u544a\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u6559\u80b2\u904e\u7a0b\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6ce8\u610f\u30fb\u6291\u5236\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u8a13\u7df4\u306f\u5fc5\u8981\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n 
\n\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e
\n1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Neuroscience2013\uff0chttp:\/\/www.sfn.org\/annual-meeting\/neuroscience-2013
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\u5b66\u4f1a\u53c2\u52a0\u5831\u544a\u66f8<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00a0<\/b>\u5831\u544a\u8005\u6c0f\u540d<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u771f\u5cf6\u5e0c\u5b9f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767a\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u5b66\u4f1a\u53c2\u52a0\u5831\u544a\u5831\u544a\u66f8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767a\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u82f1\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb<\/b><\/b><\/td>\nConference Report<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u8457\u8005<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u771f\u5cf6\u5e0c\u5b9f, \u5ee3\u5b89\u77e5\u4e4b, \u6a2a\u5185\u4e45\u731b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e3b\u50ac<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u533b\u7642\u60c5\u5831\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u540d<\/b><\/b><\/td>\nNeuroscience2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4f1a\u5834<\/b><\/b><\/td>\nSan Diego Convention Center:\u00a0Halls B-H<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u958b\u50ac\u65e5\u7a0b<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n2013\/11\/8-2013\/11\/13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n \n<\/div>\n

 
\n1. \u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u306e\u8a73\u7d30
\n2013\/11\/8\u304b\u30892013\/11\/13\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\uff0cSan Diego\u306b\u3066\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305fNeuroscience2013\u53c2\u52a0\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u56fd\u969b\u5b66\u4f1a\u306f\u7d043\u4e07\u4eba\u306e\u30b5\u30a4\u30a8\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u96c6\u307e\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e16\u754c\u3067\u3082\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5b66\u4f1a\u3067\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u8133\u79d1\u5b66\u3084\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u75c5\u6c17\u306a\u3069\u5e45\u5e83\u3044\u5206\u91ce\u306e\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u7d39\u4ecb\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u79c1\u306f\u6700\u7d42\u65e5\u306e11\/13\u65e5\u306e\u5348\u5f8c\u304b\u3089\u767a\u8868\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u304b\u3089\u306f\u4ed6\u306b\u5c71\u672c\u5148\u751f\uff0c\u6728\u6751\u3055\u3093\uff0c\u6749\u7530\u3055\u3093\uff0c\u65e9\u5ddd\u3055\u3093\uff0c\u5c06\u7a4d\u3055\u3093\uff0c\u5927\u897f\u3055\u3093\u304c\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n1.1. \u767a\u8868\u6982\u8981
\n\u79c1\u306f18\u65e5\u306e\u5348\u5f8c\u306e\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u300cWorking memory \u2160\u300d\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u767a\u8868\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u306f\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u767a\u8868\u3067\uff0c\u7d044\u6642\u9593\u306e\u9593\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u7d39\u4ecb\u3084\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u3066\u304a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306e\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u306f\u300cAnalysis of working memory using the reading span test: Basic research of regional brain activity on brain cortex using functional near-infrared spectroscopy\u300d\u3067\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306b\u6284\u9332\u3092\u8a18\u8f09\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In this paper, The relationship between working memory capacity and cerebral blood flow change was evaluated using the results of a reading span test (RST), which is a language working memory task. Individual differences exist in working memory capacity.\u00a0 Good methods for evaluating brain functions related to working memory are\u3000unavailable, but it is difficult to understand the state of individual working memory.\u00a0 In this study, the relation between working memory and cerebral functions was observed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The regions of interest in the brain were the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG). It has been reported that DLPFC is responsible for continuing cautions, while LIFG manages language processing.\u00a0 First , the functional relation between DLPFC, which has the function of continuous cautions, and RST was observed.\u00a0 In this respect, cerebral blood flow change in subjects with lower scores was higher than that in subjects with higher scores. Second, subjects were classified into two groups, i.e., high score group and low score group, and features of the two groups were examined. In both groups, LIFG was activated with different active patterns. In LIFG, brain activity was constant for the high score group, while it declined for the low score group. Simultaneously, the brain activity in the DLPFC region for the low score group increased.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

1.2. \u8cea\u7591\u5fdc\u7b54
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u767a\u8868\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8cea\u7591\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>1<\/b>
\n\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u6c0f\u540d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u304b\u305f\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306f\u8133\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306b\u306a\u305cMRI\u3092\u3064\u304b\u308f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u79c1\u306e\u56de\u7b54\u306f\uff0c\uff2d\uff32\uff29\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u305f\u3060\u8ce6\u6d3b\u90e8\u4f4d\u306e\u307f\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff0cfNIRS\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\uff0c\u6642\u9593\u5dee\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3084\u95a2\u9023\u90e8\u4f4d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u691c\u8a0e\u3067\u304d\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>2<\/b>
\n\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u6c0f\u540d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u95a2\u897f\u5b66\u9662\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u65b9\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u3082\u3068\u3082\u3068\u306f\u82e7\u5742\u5148\u751f\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u306b\u3044\u3089\u3063\u3057\u3083\u3063\u305f\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u4f4e\u6210\u7e3e\u8005\u306b\u307f\u3089\u308c\u308b\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u306e\u6642\u9593\u5dee\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u51e6\u7406\u304c\u4e0a\u624b\u304f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3089\u4e2d\u592e\u5b9f\u884c\u7cfb\u304c\u306f\u305f\u3089\u3044\u305f\u306e\u304b\uff1f\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3066\u4f4e\u6210\u7e3e\u8005\u306f\u3082\u3068\u3082\u3068\u8a00\u8a9e\u51e6\u7406\u304c\u4e0a\u624b\u304f\u3067\u304d\u306b\u304f\u3044\u306e\u3067\u5f8c\u304b\u3089\u8840\u6d41\u306e\u6d3b\u6027\u306f\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304c\u6700\u521d\u304b\u3089\u4e2d\u592e\u5b9f\u884c\u7cfb\u306f\u50cd\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\uff1f\u79c1\u306f\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u4eca\u5f8c\u3001\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n1.3. \u611f\u60f3
\n\u767a\u8868\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u306e\u65b9\u3068\u306f\u30c7\u30b9\u30ab\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3082\u7d30\u304b\u3044\u3068\u3053\u308d\u307e\u3067\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305f\u308a\uff0c\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3082\u5b9f\u8df5\u3067\u304d\u305d\u3046\u306a\u7d30\u304b\u3044\u3068\u3053\u308d\u307e\u3067\u6559\u3048\u3066\u9802\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3088\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e\u5916\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u304b\u305f\u3068\u306f\u3084\u306f\u308a\uff0c\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u305f\u3046\u3048\u3067\u8efd\u3044\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u3057\u304b\u7b54\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u305d\u306e\u7406\u7531\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\uff0c\u79c1\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u304c\u4e0a\u624b\u304f\u4f1d\u308f\u3063\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3042\u307e\u308a\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\uff0e\u3057\u304b\u3057\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3068\u3066\u3082\u9762\u767d\u3044\u3068\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u306e\u65b9\u306b\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u9802\u304d\u3001\u307e\u305f\u30de\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\uff11\u5e74\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u9a5a\u304d\u3068\u304a\u8912\u3081\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3044\u305f\u306e\u304c\u5b09\u3057\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u611f\u60f3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u697d\u3057\u304f\u30664\u6642\u9593\u3082\u3042\u3063\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9593\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3084\u306f\u308a\u82f1\u8a9e\u306f\u4f1d\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308c\u3070\u4f1d\u308f\u308b\u6c17\u306f\u3057\u307e\u3059\u304c\uff0c\u3082\u3063\u3068\u5965\u6df1\u304f\u307e\u3067\u30c7\u30b9\u30ab\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u3057\u305f\u306a\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u82f1\u8a9e\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u935b\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n 
\n 
\n2. \u8074\u8b1b
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4e0b\u8a18\u306e5\u4ef6\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3092\u8074\u8b1b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Individual differences of cognitive ability differentiates neural \u3000and behavioral strategy during concurrent working memory and oculomotor task\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a G. KWON<\/b>\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a .Individual Differences: Cognition.Abstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Previously, we have shown that individuals with high K-CVLT (Korean Version of California-Verbal Learning Test) score recalled more words than individuals with low K-CVLT score under specific eye movement (EM), i.e. periodic smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM). As the periodic SPEM is highly relied upon the cerebellar network, we hypothesized individuals with high innate cognitive abilities may better allocate their cognitive resources during periodic SPEM and therefore decrease the load to the fronto-parietal neural network. To investigate this hypothesis, we designed EEG and NIRS (near-infrared spectroscopy) neural imaging experiments. Our particular interest is to study neural correlates of individual differences in their network resource allocation strategy. During concurrent working memory and EM tasks, we collected EEG data using 32 channel EEG acquisition system (Biosemi, Netherlands) and hemodynamic changes by using 12 channel NIRS system (Korea University, Korea). The tests were done in group of college students (Sungkyunkwan University). From EEG and NIRS data, we found different electrical and hemodynamic activation patterns in the frontal areas between high and low working memory capacity group differentiated by K-CVLT score. Our data suggests that individual differences may drive different neural activation pattern, particularly in cortico-cerebellar tract which connects the frontal lobe and cerebellum. This study, combined with behavioral performance, may help us better understand the mechanism of neural network allocation during dual task.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306fK- CVLT\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u5bb9\u91cf\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u8ab2\u984c\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30a2\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4f4e\u6210\u7e3e\u3068\u9ad8\u6210\u7e3e\u306e\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u5bb9\u91cf\u7fa4\u3068\u306e\u9593\u3067\uff0c\u524d\u982d\u9818\u57df\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u7570\u306a\u308b\u96fb\u6c17\u7684\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8840\u884c\u52d5\u614b\u6d3b\u6027\u5316\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u898b\u3064\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u500b\u4eba\u5dee\u304c\u7279\u306b\u524d\u982d\u8449\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5c0f\u8133\u3092\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u5c0f\u8133\u76ae\u8cea\u7ba1\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7570\u306a\u308b\u795e\u7d4c\u6d3b\u52d5\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\uff0e\u540c\u3058\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u8ab2\u984c\u3067DLPFC\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u79c1\u3068\u540c\u3058\u7d50\u679c\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3067\u5370\u8c61\u306b\u6b8b\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aDisrupting human prefrontal cortex prevents performance gains from sensory-motor training\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a H. L. FILMER<\/b>\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Cognitive Enhancing Effects of Exercise and PracticeAbstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Humans show large and reliable performance costs when required to make more than one simple decision simultaneously. Such multitasking costs are thought to reflect capacity limits in response selection (RS), the information processing stage where sensory input is mapped to an appropriate motor response. Neuroimaging has implicated the left posterior lateral prefrontal cortex (pLPFC) as a key neural substrate of RS. For example, activity in left pLPFC tracks improvements in RS efficiency typically observed following training. To date, however, there has been no causal evidence for the involvement of pLPFC in RS or training effects, and the left hemisphere lateralisation of this operation remains controversial. Here we employed excitatory, inhibitory and sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and measured participants\u2019 performance on high and low RS-load tasks after different amounts of practice. Both excitatory and inhibitory stimulation of the left pLPFC disrupted training effects for the high load condition relative to sham. No disruption was found for the low load and right pLPFC stimulation conditions. The findings support a causal role for the left pLPFC in both RS and training effects. It also suggests training improves RS efficiency by sharpening the neural ensemble in prefrontal cortex that performs sensory-motor translations.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u540c\u6642\u306b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u305f\u3081\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u6027\u80fd\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30de\u30eb\u30c1\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u5fdc\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5bb9\u91cf\u9650\u754c\uff08RS\uff09\uff0c\u611f\u899a\u5165\u529b\u304c\u9069\u5207\u306a\u904b\u52d5\u5fdc\u7b54\u306b\u53cd\u6620\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b.
\nRS\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u795e\u7d4c\u57fa\u76e4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5de6\u5f8c\u5074\u65b9\u524d\u982d\u524d\u91ce\uff08pLPFC\uff09\u304c\u95a2\u4e0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u8a3c\u660e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff0e\u507d\u7d4c\u982d\u84cb\u76f4\u6d41\u96fb\u6d41\u523a\u6fc0\uff08TDC\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u30cf\u30a4\u3068\u30ed\u30fc\u306eRS-\u8ca0\u8377\u306e\u4f5c\u696d\u3067\u6e2c\u5b9a\u53c2\u52a0\u8005\u306e\u30d1\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u7d50\u679c\uff0cRS\u3068\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u52b9\u679c\u306e\u4e21\u65b9\u3067\u5de6pLPFC\u305f\u3081\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u305f\uff0eLPFC\u3092\u5de6\u53f3\u3067\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u5de6\u306e\u307f\u306b\u5dee\u7570\u304c\u73fe\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u306a\u305c\u5de6\u3060\u3051\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304b\u4e0d\u601d\u8b70\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e\u8cea\u554f\u3057\u305f\u304c\u7b54\u3048\u306f\u3088\u304f\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aDevelopment and assessment of a cognitive training program based on problem solving in order to improve capabilities\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a M.-H. FERRER<\/b>\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Cognitive Enhancing Effectsof Exercise and PracticeAbstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aCognitive or physical disabilities induced by illness or trauma can change a life. Indeed, patients have to deal with a double challenge: coping with deficits-induced novelty and successfully adapt. In this context, head trauma which result in major memory, attention and executive deficits, as well as in adaptive difficulties are of particular interest since they affect the ability to cope, rehabilitation and quality of life of patients. Here, we performed two studies. The first one aimed at identifying the cognitive processes on which to rely to promote adaptation. The second one aimed at developing a training program based on these processes and at assessing its effectiveness.
\nIn the first study, participants (n=137) completed subjective scales in order to assess their coping strategies and quality of life. Some cognitive components involved in problem solving were also tested. Our data show that when a person is efficient and fast to solve problems, it is also more resilient and uses functional coping strategies more easily when compared to others. We also showed that this kind of persons has a better quality of life. Among processes tested in problem solving and involved in adaptation, the particularly important ones are hypothetical and deductive reasoning, divergent thinking, mental rotation, identification embedded forms and ability to change viewpoint.
\nBased on these results, we performed a second study, in which participants (n=30) took part to a 15-session cognitive training. Subjects were divided into a trained group (n=19) which performed the developed problem solving training program including closed problems (insight, hypothetical-deductive), open problems (divergent thinking) and pure visuo-spatial problems (Tangrams); and a control group (n=11) which performed cognitive activities consisting of arrow words and crosswords. Effects of training and cognitive activities were assessed by comparing neuropsychological data from pre and post-training evaluations. We also performed functional magnetic resonance imaging during resting state at pre and post-training times (data currently analyzed). Our hypothesis is that our training program may have induced modifications in brain connectivity at rest, which could be seen as a neurofunctional substrate of cognitive and psychological modifications induced by our training program. Preliminary cognitive data show that training problem solving abilities improves self-evaluation of problem solving capabilities as well as real performances. We also observed an improvement of visuo-spatial performances.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u306e\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u958b\u767a\u3068\u305d\u306e\u6709\u52b9\u6027\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\uff0c\u8a8d\u77e5\u8a13\u7df4\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u306e\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u5f8c\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\uff0e\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u5f8c\u306e\u65b9\u304c\u6d3b\u6027\u306f\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u793a\u5506\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u4eca\u56de\u306f\u8996\u7a7a\u9593\u8ab2\u984c\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u7a7a\u9593\u8a8d\u77e5\u529b\u3082\u5411\u4e0a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aBrain activation patterns during semantic verbal fluency in active and educated healthy seniors: A covert fMRI study\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a C. RODRIGUEZ-ARANDA<\/b>\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Human Cognition : Cognitive Aging \u2160Abstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aBackground. Word finding difficulties are usually reported among cognitively disease-free elderly. However, these language declines are not seen among highly educated seniors. The purpose of the study was to measure brain activity during mental retrieval of words in active, educated healthy elderly. We employed a semantic verbal fluency task (SVFT) for evaluation of word finding in an fMRI covert paradigm. A young group was recruited for cross-sectional comparisons. Methods. 15 younger adults (M = 26.8 years) and 17 healthy, highly active (leisurely and physically) elderly individuals (M = 70.6 years) participated in the study. Previous to fMRI scanning cognitive functioning was established for all subjects including performance on standard SVFT. To depict the neural substrates of word finding in SVFT we used BOLD fMRI at 1.5 T. We presented 6 categories in the semantic condition alternating with two baseline conditions: finger movements and passive resting condition. Each of the three conditions had a duration of 24 sec and was repeated six times in an alternating fashion. Subjects were instructed to mentally produce words related to each category, move their fingers following a trigger stimulus or do nothing during the rest condition. Results. Behavioral results showed that elderly performed cognitively similar to younger adults in most of the tasks including VFTs. For the fMRI results brain activity during SVFT was related to frontal and temporal regions in both groups. Though, activation was lateralized to left hemisphere for the young and more bilateral for the elderly. Elderly showed significantly higher activation than younger adults during SVFT as compared to resting condition on the somatosensory cortex, superior parietal, inferior temporal and cerebellum. Also, when SVFT was compared to the motor task older adults showed higher activation than younger subjects in frontal motor areas, somatosensory cortex, inferior temporal and various cerebellar regions. Conclusion. In spite of optimal cognitive function and no word finding difficulties, elderly displayed different brain activation from that of younger adults during performance of covert SVFT. Of interest is the increased activation in motor areas and especially in the cerebellum, which has been attributed a role in motor programming of speech generation. We conclude that the multifocal brain circuitry observed in highly active and well educated elderly is a compensatory mechanism for physiological changes in aging. Further research should focus on the possible compensatory role of cerebellar activity in language tasks among high-performing seniors.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u901a\u5e38\u306f\u9ad8\u9f62\u8005\u3067\u8a8d\u77e5\u6a5f\u80fd\u306b\u4f5c\u696d\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u3057\u304b\u3057\uff0c\u9ad8\u5b66\u6b74\u306e\u9ad8\u9f62\u8005\u306f\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u898b\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u9ad8\u9f62\u8005\u306e\u8133\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\uff0e\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u82e5\u5e74\u5c64\u3042\u307e\u308a\u9055\u3044\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u8133\u6a5f\u80fd\u306b\u306f\u9055\u3044\u304c\u307f\u3089\u308c\u305f\uff0e\u9ad8\u9f62\u8005\u306e\u65b9\u304c\uff0c\u4f53\u6027\u611f\u899a\u91ce\u3084\u5c0f\u8133\u306a\u3069\u3067\u5927\u304d\u306a\u6d3b\u6027\u304c\u307f\u3089\u308c\u305f\uff0e\u97f3\u58f0\u751f\u6210\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30e2\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304c\uff0c\u5c0f\u8133\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e
\n\u8a00\u8a9e\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5c0f\u8133\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u305d\u3046\u3067\uff0c\u8a00\u8a9e\u306f\u524d\u982d\u91ce\u3084\u30d6\u30ed\u30fc\u30ab\u3084\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u30cb\u30c3\u30b1\u91ce\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3060\u3068\u304a\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\uff0c\u5c0f\u8133\u306e\u50cd\u304d\u306f\u610f\u5916\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aActivation related to training process for recognizing the noise-vocoded speech sounds: An fMRI study\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a S. MURAI<\/b>\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Auditory System : Cortical Processing and Human Studies of Natural SoundAbstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Amplitude envelope information has been reported to be important for speech perception. The noise-vocoded speech sounds (NVS) are used as sound stimuli to reveal amplitude envelope-based speech recognition because frequency-specific cues are greatly reduced. NVS is synthesized from original speech by replacing original speech signal with noise bands with preserving their temporal amplitude envelopes. In this study, we focused on a process for learning NVS to investigate perceptual learning for spectrally degraded speech. For several days, we presented NVS and original speech with participants and measured brain activities. The original speech was a sentence consisted of 13-16 morae Japanese sentence (2-3 s) which was recorded at 16 bits and 8 kHz sampling rate and reduced noise
\nbelow 60 Hz using high-pass filter. NVS was created by dividing the original speech into 3 bands (60-600, 600-1500, 1500-4000 Hz). The amplitude envelope from each band was extracted by half-wave rectification and low-pass filtering at 16 Hz. In addition, the amplitude envelope in each frequency band was multiplied with a band noise in the same bandwidth. This process made a speech signal severely distorted spectrally and unintelligible. The experiment was composed of training and test sessions. In training sessions, after participants perceived NVS sentence several times, they read the sentence in written text while listening to NVS sentence for them to confirm that auditory and visual stimuli were the same sentences. They were also presented a noise burst as a control condition. Their brain activities corresponding to perception of NVS, the original speech and the noise burst were recorded as whole brain echo-planar imaging data by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with the sparse temporal imaging technique, in which scanning was periodically sampled to avoid acoustic and electromagnetic interference generated scans. In test sessions, comprehension of NVS was objectively evaluated before the first training session and after each training session. Participants listened to NVS and reported how they perceived NVS without a feedback in soundproof chamber. Data showed that NVS could be greatly \uff53intelligible for participants after several sessions of training regardless of severe spectral degradation. We observed patterns of activation changed in several brain regions through training. Our findings suggest that cortical neural networks develop to make NVS intelligible.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u529b\u4e38\u5148\u751f\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u306e\u304b\u305f\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3092\u805e\u3044\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u52a3\u5316\u96d1\u97f3\u3092\u805e\u304b\u305b\u3066\u8a13\u7df4\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\uff0c\u52a3\u5316\u96d1\u97f3\u304b\u3089\u97f3\u58f0\u304c\u8a8d\u8b58\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u6642\u306e\u8133\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3089\u3063\u3057\u3083\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u8a00\u8a9e\u97f3\u58f0\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u30cb\u30c3\u30b1\u9818\u57df\u90e8\u4f4d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3068\uff0c\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u30cb\u30c3\u30b1\u306e\u6d3b\u6027\u306f\u3042\u307e\u308a\u898b\u3089\u308c\u305a\u30d6\u30ed\u30fc\u30ab\u306e\u307f\u306e\u6d3b\u6027\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u79c1\u306f\u97f3\u58f0\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u30cb\u30c3\u30b1\u91ce\u306e\u65b9\u304c\uff0c\u4e0a\u4f4d\u6a5f\u80fd\u3060\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u97f3\u58f0\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u307e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u304f\u30d6\u30ed\u30fc\u30ab\u9818\u57df\u306e\u307f\u3067\u6d3b\u6027\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\uff0c\u307e\u305f\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n 
\n\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e
\n1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NeuroScience2013, http:\/\/www.sfn.org\/annual-meeting\/neuroscience-2013<\/a>
\n <\/p>\n

\n

\u5b66\u4f1a\u53c2\u52a0\u5831\u544a\u66f8<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/b>\u5831\u544a\u8005\u6c0f\u540d<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u5c07\u7a4d\u5f69\u82bd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767a\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u97f3\u74b0\u5883\u304c\u6570\u5b57\u8a18\u61b6\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u6210\u7e3e\u3068\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u306b\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u5f71\u97ff\u306e\u7537\u5973\u5dee\u306e\u691c\u8a0e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767a\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u82f1\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb<\/b><\/b><\/td>\nGender Differences in Influence of Sound Environments on Performance of the Memorizing Numerical String Task and Cerebral Blood Flow Changes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u8457\u8005<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u5c07\u7a4d\u5f69\u82bd, \u5c71\u672c\u8a69\u5b50\uff0c\u5ee3\u5b89\u77e5\u4e4b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e3b\u50ac<\/b><\/b><\/td>\nSociety for Neuroscience<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u540d<\/b><\/b><\/td>\nNeuroscience2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4f1a\u5834<\/b><\/b><\/td>\nSan Diego Convention center<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u958b\u50ac\u65e5\u7a0b<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n2013\/11\/09-2013\/11\/13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n \n<\/div>\n

 
\n1. \u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u306e\u8a73\u7d30
\n2013\u5e7411\u67089\u65e5\u304b\u3089\u300013\u65e5\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u30b5\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a8\u30b4\u30b3\u30f3\u30d9\u30f3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u3066\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0cNeuroscience2013\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u5b66\u4f1a\u306f\uff0c\u795e\u7d4c\u79d1\u5b66\u5206\u91ce\u3067\u6700\u5927\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5b66\u4f1a\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u6700\u65b0\u306e\u795e\u7d4c\u79d1\u5b66\u5206\u91ce\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u5834\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u8fd1\u5e74\uff0c\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u78c1\u6c17\u5171\u9cf4\u753b\u50cf(fMRI)\u3084\u8133\u78c1\u56f3(MEG)\u306a\u3069\u3092\u7528\u3044\uff0c\u8133\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u8a66\u307f\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u304b\u3089\u306f\u4ed6\u306b\u5c71\u672c\u5148\u751f\uff0c\u6728\u6751\uff0c\u6749\u7530\uff0c\u4e95\u4e0a\uff0c\u5927\u897f\uff0c\u771f\u5cf6\uff0c\u65e9\u5ddd\u304c\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n2. \u7814\u7a76\u767a\u8868
\n2.1. \u767a\u8868\u6982\u8981
\n\u79c1\u306f11\/12\u306e\u5348\u524d\u306e\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u201dPerception: Auditory, Tactile, and Multisensory\u201d\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u767a\u8868\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u306f\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u767a\u8868\u3067\uff0c4\u6642\u9593\u306e\u3046\u3061\uff0c\u6c7a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f1\u6642\u9593\u306f\u5fc5\u305a\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u524d\u306b\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u6765\u305f\u4eba\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\uff0c\u201dGender Differences in Influence of Sound Environments on Performance of the Memorizing Numerical String Task and Cerebral Blood Flow Changes\u201d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u3067\u884c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306b\u6284\u9332\u3092\u8a18\u8f09\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[Purpose]In the former studies, it was demonstrated that sound environments affect the results of intellectual work and cerebral blood flow changes using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), i.Furthermore, psychology studies have reported that gender-specificity exists in the influence of pleasant and unpleasant sounds on the work environment. In this study, we investigated gender difference in the influence of sound environments by scoring a memorizing numerical string task and observing cerebral blood flow changes.[Methods]
\nThis study examined 24 subjects, among which 12 were males and 12 females. In this study, we selected three sound environments, namely, silence; \u201cthe sonata for two pianos in D major, K.448\u201d by Mozart; and white noise. Subjects were exposed to sounds while working. The effect on intellectual work was analyzed by measuring the number of correct answers to 30 questions.\u3000 Subjects had to memorize eight numbers in 3 sec and input them in the correct order in <7 sec. We examined the influence of different sound environments on the task by measuring cerebral blood flow changes using fNIRS.
\n[Results]
\nThe results revealed that males showed the best performance when exposed to silence, whereas females showed the best performance in the presence of white noise. The influence of sound environments on the score was significant at 5% level in both males and females as calculated using the two-way factorial ANOVA without replications. Simultaneously, the results of the t-test at 5% level showed significant differences between males and females only in the presence of white noise. In addition, the same significant difference was observed in the average cerebral blood flow change. Cerebral blood flow change in males decreased and that in females increased. Moreover, it was observed that cerebral blood flow change decreases under pleasant sound conditions and increases under unpleasant conditions. Also in this experiment, in the white noise, cerebral blood flow change in males was tended to decrease and that in females tended to increase.\u3000Therefore, we suggest that males may feel that the white noise is unpleasant as opposed to females. In conclusion, females showed the best performance in the presence of white noise, under which their cerebral blood flow change increased. Based on these results, we found that there is a gender-specific difference in the performances of intellectual work and cerebral blood flow changes in the presence of white noise.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 
\n2.2. \u8cea\u7591\u5fdc\u7b54
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u767a\u8868\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8cea\u7591\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>1<\/b>
\n\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306f\uff0c\u30db\u30ef\u30a4\u30c8\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u306f\u5973\u6027\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u826f\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306a\u306e\u304b\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u805e\u3044\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3063\u305f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u65b9\u306b\u3053\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u30db\u30ef\u30a4\u30c8\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u306f\u7537\u6027\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u4e0d\u5feb\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u5feb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff0e\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\uff0c\u30a2\u30f3\u30b1\u30fc\u30c8\u8abf\u67fb\u3082\u884c\u3063\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306e\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u3082\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u50be\u5411\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u305f\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5185\u5bb9\u3067\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u660e\u6cbb\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u8a8d\u77e5\u8133\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u6240\u5c5e\u306e\u571f\u7530\u6c5f\u4e00\u90ce\u3055\u3093\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u300c\u5973\u6027\u3068\u7537\u6027\u306e\u58f0\u306e\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u5e2f\u57df\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308a\uff0c\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u306e\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u5e2f\u57df\u3068\u4f3c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3089\uff0c\u666e\u6bb5\u3088\u304f\u805e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u58f0\u306e\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u5e2f\u57df\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8981\u56e0\u3082\u5f71\u97ff\u3057\u3066\u304f\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u300d \u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>2<\/b>
\n\u660e\u6cbb\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u8a8d\u77e5\u8133\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u6240\u5c5e\u306e\u5927\u6a4b\u6d0b\u5e73\u3055\u3093\uff0c\u4f55\u540d\u304b\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u306e\u65b9\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306f\uff0c\u30d4\u30f3\u30af\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u3068\u30db\u30ef\u30a4\u30c8\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u9055\u3046\u306e\u304b\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u30d4\u30f3\u30af\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u306f\u97f3\u306e\u30d1\u30ef\u30fc\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u304c\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u306b\u53cd\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3059\u308b\u97f3\u3067\uff0c\u30db\u30ef\u30a4\u30c8\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u306f\u30d1\u30ef\u30fc\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u304c\u5168\u3066\u306e\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u7b49\u3057\u3044\u97f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0c\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u97f3\u3082\u805e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u9055\u3044\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u5206\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u611f\u60f3\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>3<\/b>
\n\u540c\u5fd7\u793e\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u77e5\u899a\u30fb\u8a8d\u77e5\u8133\u795e\u7d4c\u6a5f\u69cb\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u6240\u5c5e\u306e\u6751\u4e95\u3055\u3093\uff0c\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u306e\u65b9\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306f\u4ed6\u306e\u90e8\u4f4d\u306e\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u306f\u3069\u3046\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u4eca\u56de\u5de6\u5074\u982d\u90e8\u306e\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u305f\u306e\u306f\uff0c\u691c\u5b9a\uff0c\u7a4d\u5206\u5024\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6d3b\u6027\u90e8\u4f4d\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff0c\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u3053\u306e\u5de6\u5074\u982d\u90e8\u306e\u4e0b\u524d\u982d\u56de\u4ed8\u8fd1\u306f\uff0c\u8a18\u61b6\u3084\u8a8d\u77e5\u3092\u53f8\u308b\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>4<\/b>
\n\u540c\u5fd7\u793e\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u6751\u4e95\u3055\u3093\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306f\u5404\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6d3b\u6027\u91cf\u306f\u5927\u5e45\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306a\u306e\u304b\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u5185\u3067\u306f\u5168\u3066\u306e\u8a08\u6e2c\u90e8\u4f4d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u6d3b\u6027\u306e\u5e45\u306f\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e\u3057\u304b\u3057\uff0c\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u9593\u3067\u306f\u5149\u8def\u9577\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308a\uff0c\u6d3b\u6027\u91cf\u3082\u5927\u304d\u304f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u50be\u5411\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff0e\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u9593\u3067\u6bd4\u8f03\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u6b63\u898f\u5316\u306a\u3069\u306e\u51e6\u7406\u3092\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5185\u5bb9\u3067\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>5<\/b>
\n\u4eac\u90fd\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u4eba\u9593\u30fb\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u79d1\u6240\u5c5e\u306e\u5ba3\u672c\u82b1\u51dc\u3055\u3093\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u5de6\u5074\u982d\u90e8\u304c\u6d3b\u6027\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u306f\u306a\u305c\u306a\u306e\u304b\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u6570\u5b57\u8a18\u61b6\u8ab2\u984c\u304c\u6570\u5b57\u3092\u8a18\u61b6\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff0c\u5165\u529b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u52d5\u4f5c\u3092\u542b\u3080\u3053\u3068\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u3092\u5531\u3048\u3066\u8a18\u61b6\u3057\u305f\u305f\u3081\u8a00\u8a9e\u9818\u57df\u3068\u95a2\u4fc2\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\uff0c\u5de6\u5074\u982d\u90e8\u306e\u4e0b\u524d\u982d\u56de\u4ed8\u8fd1\u304c\u6d3b\u6027\u3057\u305f\u3068\u8003\u5bdf\u3057\u305f\uff0c\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u4e0b\u524d\u982d\u56de\u306b\u306f\u6ce8\u610f\u3084\u5236\u5fa1\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u304c\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u97f3\u3092\u805e\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6ce8\u610f\u3084\u5236\u5fa1\u3057\u3066\u6d3b\u6027\u3057\u305f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3082\u3042\u308b\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n2.3. \u611f\u60f3<\/p>\n

\u79c1\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\u671d\u306e\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff0c\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u4f1a\u5834\u306e\u9685\u306e\u65b9\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u307e\u305a\u901a\u308b\u4eba\u304c\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u524d\u56de\u767a\u8868\u3057\u305f\u5b66\u4f1a\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u8a71\u3057\u304b\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u307e\u308a\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53cd\u7701\u70b9\u3067\u3057\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u4eca\u56de\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u3057\u304b\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\uff0c\u805e\u3044\u3066\u9802\u304d\uff0c\u8cea\u554f\u3084\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u9802\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u5168\u3066\u306e\u65b9\u306b\u5206\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u9802\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\uff0c\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u3082\u304d\u3061\u3093\u3068\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u7b54\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3066\u826f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u3084\u306f\u308a\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u5973\u6027\u304c\u30db\u30ef\u30a4\u30c8\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u3067\u6210\u7e3e\u304c\u826f\u304f\u306a\u308b\u306e\u306f\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u611f\u60f3\u304c\u591a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304c\uff0c\u591a\u304f\u306e\u65b9\u306b\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d\u3044\u7d50\u679c\u3060\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u9802\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305f\u306e\u3067\u826f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\uff0c\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u6570\u304c\u307e\u3060\u307e\u3060\u8db3\u308a\u306a\u3044\u306a\u3068\u5b9f\u611f\u3057\uff0c\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u97f3\u306e\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u89e3\u6790\u306a\u3069\u8ab2\u984c\u306f\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u898b\u3064\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e<\/p>\n

3. \u8074\u8b1b
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4e0b\u8a18\u306e5\u4ef6\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3092\u8074\u8b1b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Combined cognitive and physical training vs. single cognitive training in healthy eldery: Differences in long-term effects<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a J. Rahe
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Human Cognition: Cognitive Aging I
\nAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Only a few studies report stronger cognitive effects of combined cognitive and physical training (CPT) compared to single cognitive training (CT) in healthy elderly and even less have examined long-term effects of cognitive interventions.
\nMethods: Healthy elderly (N=42) were trained with a CPT named NEUROvitalis Plus or a CT named NEUROvitalis. Both trainings were conducted in a period of six weeks with two 90-minutes-sessions per week. Neuropsychological performance was assessed directly before and after the training as well as one (FU1) and two (FU2) years after the posttest. Eleven subjects of each group completed all requirements.
\nResults: From pre- to posttest, both groups showed significant improvements in short- [CT (p\u22640.00); CPT (p\u22640.00)] and intermediate-term memory [CT (p\u22640.05); CPT (p\u22640.01)]. Additionally, the CPT group improved in verbal fluency (p\u22640.00), the CT group in attention (p\u22640.01) and processing-speed (p\u22640.05). At posttest, both groups showed significantly better performance in intermediate-term memory [CT (p\u22640.00); CPT (p\u22640.01)] and attention [CT (p\u22640.01); CPT (p\u22640.05)]. At FU1, the CT group also showed improved verbal fluency (p\u22640.05). The effects on verbal fluency could be preserved until FU2 in both groups [CT (p\u22640.01); CPT (p\u22640.05)]. The short- (p\u22640.00) and intermediate-term memory (p\u22640.01) could be stabilized at FU2 only in the CT group, but non-significant tendencies are recognizable in the CPT group as well.
\nDiscussion: Significant pre-post effects in cognitive performance were found in either training. The participants of CPT did not outperform the CT group in the cognitive assessments. At follow-ups, in both groups some of the effects could be preserved, but there were differences concerning the stabilized domains in CPT and CT. In the future, CT and CPT for healthy elderly should be compared in larger sample sizes and researchers should investigate which cognitive domains could be improved by different training forms.
\n\u8a8d\u77e5\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u884c\u3046\u969b\uff0c\u8ab2\u984c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306f\u8a8d\u77e5\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\uff0c\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u3068\u8a8d\u77e5\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u65b9\u304c\u30d1\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u30b9\u304c\u5411\u4e0a\u3059\u308b\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u6ce8\u610f\u8ab2\u984c\u306f\uff0c\u67d4\u8edf\u904b\u52d5\u3068\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u6642\u306b\u30d1\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u30b9\u304c\u826f\u304f\u306a\u308b\u50be\u5411\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u79c1\u304c\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6570\u5b57\u8a18\u61b6\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u77ed\u671f\u8a18\u61b6\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u50be\u5411\u306f\u898b\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u305d\u3046\u3067\uff0c\u6b8b\u5ff5\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Variations in working memory capacity: Suppression of
\ndistractors or enhancement of the targets?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a R. Gulbinaite
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Individual Differences: Cognition
\nAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Visual-spatial attention allows filtering out distracting information and selectively processing only what is important. The ability to filter out irrelevant information has been suggested to be the primary factor determining an individual\u2019s working memory capacity (WMC), a measure that strongly correlates with cognitive abilities, including intelligence. However, although WMC is predicted by filtering efficiency, it is unclear whether superior filtering abilities result from better suppression of the irrelevant information, enhancement of the relevant information, or both. Here we used the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) technique to dissociate processing of distractors and targets in the Eriksen flankers task, by tagging targets and distractors with different frequencies. We show that while preparing for the upcoming stimulus, high-WMC individuals suppressed distractors stronger than low-WMC individuals, whereas low-WMC individuals enhanced targets more than high-WMC individuals. These strategic differences between high- and low-WMC participants appear to reflect stable trait-like mechanisms, because they were not significantly predictive of trial-to-trial fluctuations in reaction times. In contrast, single trial behavioral performance was better predicted by attention to the targets. This finding suggests that whereas filtering abilities are important for WMC, it does not necessarily generalize to other tasks that put high demands on attentional control.
\n\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u306e\u5bb9\u91cf\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u3067\uff0c\u9ad8\u6210\u7e3e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u5bb9\u91cf\u304c\u5927\u304d\u304f\uff0c\u4f4e\u6210\u7e3e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u5bb9\u91cf\u304c\u5c0f\u3055\u3044\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u6d3b\u6027\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u6210\u7e3e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6d3b\u6027\u90e8\u4f4d\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308a\uff0c\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u523a\u6fc0\uff08\u8ab2\u984c\uff09\u306e\u5f37\u3055\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3082\u50be\u5411\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u79c1\u306f\uff0c\u6d3b\u6027\u90e8\u4f4d\u3092\u6c7a\u3081\u3066\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u90e8\u4f4d\u3067\u7fa4\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6d3b\u6027\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u7fa4\u5206\u3051\u3057\u3066\u304b\u3089\u6d3b\u6027\u90e8\u4f4d\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u307f\u3088\u3046\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aMultidimensional affective ratings inventory (MARI): Standardized non-verbal, human vocalizations of emotion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a M. D. Mullane
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Social Cognition: Behavior and Pharmacology
\nAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Emotional content in the world guides our behavior, influencing memory, decision-making, and learning. The scientific literature demonstrates the impact of visual emotional information on cognition, however the question of the influence of emotional information in the auditory world has remained largely unexplored. In order to investigate the effect of auditory emotional information on human cognition and behavior, we developed an inventory of 651 spontaneous, non-verbal vocalizations of emotion. These emotional human sounds were extracted from YouTube videos and recordings of actors simulating dramatic events, standardized for their length and amplitude and then rated by human subjects on 3 parameters: emotional valence, level of arousal, and dominance or autonomy.
\nSubjects rated the sounds based on the perceived impact the vocalizations had on them by selecting from among 9 figures on each of these 3 scales. The result is the Multidimensional Affective Ratings Inventory (MARI), a standardized inventory of human emotional vocalizations for use as an experimental instrument to examine the influence that auditory perception of non-verbal human vocalizations of emotion have on neural processes underlying cognition and behavior.
\n\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u306e\u58f0\u3092\u8074\u3044\u305f\u6642\u306b\uff0c\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u611f\u3058\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u7537\u6027\u306e\u58f0\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u611f\u3058\u308b\u5feb\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u306e\u58f0\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5feb\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\uff0c\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306b\u3082\u7537\u5973\u5dee\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u305f\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u679c\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u79c1\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306e\u969b\u306b\u3082\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u9802\u3044\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u306f\u58f0\u306e\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u5e2f\u57df\u306a\u3069\u304c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3057\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\uff0c\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u6570\u304c651\u4eba\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\uff0c\u3084\u306f\u308a\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u6570\u304c\u591a\u3044\u65b9\u304c\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Syntactic priming effect during second language sentence production by Japanese learners of English: An fMRI study<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a E. Nakagawa
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Language III
\nAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Syntactic priming is the tendency to repeatedly use the same syntactic structures across sentences (Bock, 1986). Previous behavioral studies on Japanese learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) have shown that syntactic priming rate depends on the learners\u2019 proficiency (Morishita, 2011). This implies different mechanisms of syntactic priming for learners of different proficiency. However, it was unknown whether the neuronal activity would show a proficiency dependency.
\nThe present study measured the extent of fMRI adaptation to repetition of uttering ditransitive sentences in a second language (L2). Twenty-five Japanese EFL learners participated in the study. They were asked to describe a series of pictures by completing the sentence fragment presented above them (e.g., The man gives\u22ef ). We used pictures which could be described by using the following four verbs; give, hand, sell, and show. Two objects in the pictures were colored in green and red. These colors controlled the participants\u2019 utterances and made them produce either a prepositional object (PO) construction, or a double object (DO) construction, by naming the green object before the red object (stoplight paradigm: Menenti et al., 2011). The same color-coded pictures also served as fillers when the fragment of the sentence above the pictures was in an ungrammatical order (e.g., gives The man\u22ef ). In such case, participants were required only to name the two objects by referring to the green one first, and not to form a syntactic structure.
\nWithin the areas showing the main effect of syntax (the effect of PO and DO trials versus filler trials) syntactic priming effect was observed in the lateral occipital (LO) areas and superior parietal lobule (SPL), and the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG), supplementary motor area, ventral premotor cortex extending to the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). While a previous study on L2 have found syntactic priming effects in the left IFG, MTG, and precentral gyrus (Weber and Indefrey, 2009), we found syntactic priming effect in the LO and SPL. We assume that this reflects the fixation of the relationship between objects, which is prerequisite for syntactic processing, and the attention for L2 processing.
\nThe present study has shown repetition suppression effect among Japanese EFL learners, when producing syntactic structures repeatedly. This result indicates that Japanese EFL learners are syntactically primed by their own speech, which implies the effectiveness of repetitive practice when learning L2 syntax.
\n\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u5b66\u7fd2\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\uff0c\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30d7\u30e9\u30a4\u30df\u30f3\u30b0\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u82f1\u8a9e\u304c\u5f97\u610f\u306a\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u610f\u306a\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3068\u3067\uff0c\u82f1\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3059\u969b\u306e\u6d3b\u6027\u90e8\u4f4d\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u3084\u306f\u308a\uff0c\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u8ab2\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u5f97\u610f\u306a\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u3068\u4e0d\u5f97\u610f\u306a\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306e\u6d3b\u6027\u90e8\u4f4d\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306a\u306e\u3060\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\uff0c\u6d3b\u6027\u90e8\u4f4d\u306e\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u3092\u8003\u3048\u76f4\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3068\u6539\u3081\u3066\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Imaging speech comprehension in quiet with high density diffuse optical tomography<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a M. Hassanpour
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Language IV
\nAbstract\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Although numerous studies have studied the neural basis of speech processing using fMRI, these studies all face challenges of acoustic contamination and\/or relatively poor temporal resolution due to the constraints of echoplanar imaging. Here we measured brain activity in human listeners using high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT), an optical imaging method that permits presenting speech in a quiet acoustic environment and with excellent temporal resolution relative to the hemodynamic response. We presented listeners with spoken sentences that contained either a subject-relative or object-relative center embedded clause in order to identify networks supporting increased processing demands for syntactically complex sentences (i.e. object-relative clause), along with a control condition consisting of speech-shaped noise. Behavioral accuracy was high (mean = 97 % correct) across all conditions. Both the noise and the sentences activated regions of bilateral temporal cortex. In addition, the simple sentences activated the core language processing areas on the left hemisphere along left temporal and inferior frontal cortex. Finally, the increased processing demand for the syntactically complex sentences resulted in significantly increased activation in lateral temporal and frontal cortex. These results are in agreement with the previous fMRI studies and indicate the feasibility of imaging higher order cognitive processes with HD-DOT. These findings also indicate that HD-DOT is capable of detecting subtle changes in the networks recruited during processing of more demanding language tasks.
\nHD-DOT\uff08\u62e1\u6563\u5149\u30c8\u30e2\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u30a3\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u88c5\u7f6e\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\uff0c\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u5ea6\u3092\u6e2c\u308b\u969b\u306e\u8133\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u8abf\u67fb\u3057\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u3082\u6210\u7e3e\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3057\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3067\uff0c\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u304c\u8ab2\u984c\u306b\u611f\u3058\u308b\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u3082\u5927\u4e8b\u306a\u691c\u8a0e\u9805\u76ee\u3060\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e
\n1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Neuroscience2013\u3000\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u30da\u30fc\u30b8
\nhttp:\/\/www.sfn.org\/annual-meeting\/neuroscience-2013\/abstracts-and-sessions
\n <\/p>\n

\n

\u5b66\u4f1a\u53c2\u52a0\u5831\u544a\u66f8<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/b>\u5831\u544a\u8005\u6c0f\u540d<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u6749\u7530\u51fa\u5f25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767a\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u5909\u5316\u304c\u8133\u306e\u53cd\u5fdc\u6291\u5236\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u5f71\u97ff<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767a\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u82f1\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb<\/b><\/b><\/td>\nEffect on brain function in inhibitory control during go\/no-go tasks caused by changes in difficulty<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u8457\u8005<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u6749\u7530\u51fa\u5f25\uff0c\u798f\u5cf6\u4e9c\u68a8\u82b1, \u5c71\u672c\u8a69\u5b50\uff0c\u5ee3\u5b89\u77e5\u4e4b,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e3b\u50ac<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u533b\u7642\u60c5\u5831\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u540d<\/b><\/b><\/td>\nNeuroscience2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4f1a\u5834<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n\u30b5\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a8\u30b4\u30b3\u30f3\u30d9\u30f3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u958b\u50ac\u65e5\u7a0b<\/b><\/b><\/td>\n2013\/11\/09-2013\/11\/13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n \n<\/div>\n

 
\n1. \u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u306e\u8a73\u7d30
\n2013\/11\/09\u304b\u30892013\/11\/13\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\uff0c\u30b5\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a8\u30b4\u306b\u3066\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305fNeuroscience2013\uff11\uff09<\/sup>\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u5b66\u4f1a\u306f\uff0cSOCIETY for NEUROSCIENCE\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e3b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u3067\u8133\u6a5f\u80fd\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u60c5\u5831\u5171\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n\u79c1\u306f\u5168\u65e5\u53c2\u52a0\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u304b\u3089\u306f\u4ed6\u306b\u5c71\u672c\u5148\u751f\uff0c\u6728\u6751\uff0c\u5c06\u7a4d\uff0c\u4e95\u4e0a\uff0c\u771f\u5cf6\uff0c\u5927\u897f\uff0c\u65e9\u5ddd\u304c\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u30fb\u305d\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u304c\uff0c\u3069\u3046\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u65e8\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u306a\u306e\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8aac\u660e
\n\u30fb\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u306eWeb\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\uff0c\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u540d\u306e\u70b9\u3067\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b
\n\u30fb\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u53c2\u52a0\u65e5\u7a0b\u3068\uff0c\u4ed6\u306e\u53c2\u52a0\u8005\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8aac\u660e
\n 
\n2. \u7814\u7a76\u767a\u8868
\n2.1. \u767a\u8868\u6982\u8981
\n\u79c1\u306f13\u65e5\u306e\u5348\u524d\u306e\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u300cMechanisms of Attention\u300d\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u767a\u8868\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u306f\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u767a\u8868\u3067\uff0c3\u6642\u9593\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u524d\u306b\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u898b\u306b\u3053\u3089\u308c\u305f\u65b9\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6d41\u308c\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\uff0c\u300cEffect on brain function in inhibitory control during go\/no-go tasks caused by changes in difficulty\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u984c\u76ee\u3067\u884c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306b\u6284\u9332\u3092\u8a18\u8f09\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[Purpose]In recent years, brain functions have been observed using functional brain imaging techniques. However, effects of changes in the task parameters are hardly detected. In this study, we investigated cerebral blood flow (CBF) under task difficulty changes. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of varying task difficulty, via manipulation of sound frequency within the auditory go\/no-go tasks, on measured inhibitory response.[Methods]
\nWe used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) on both sides oflateral and prefrontal cortex to observe brain function activities. Thirteen adults completed the auditory go\/no-go tasks. The tasks had a go signal at 1000 Hz and no-go signals at 1020, 1030, 1040, 1050, 1060 or 1100 Hz.
\n[Results]
\nAccording to the results, the reaction time and error rate tended to increase with decreasing difference in frequency between the go and no-go signals. It is suggested that the difficulty of the test depends on the frequency difference between the go and no-go signals. Thirteen subjects were given auditory go\/no-go tasks with different difficulty conditions, namely high, medium, low, with a go signal at 1000 Hz and no-go signals at 1020, 1060, or 1100 Hz. Subsequently, CBF changes were measured using fNIRS. It has been reported that when CBF becomes active in a certain area, oxygenated hemoglobin increases near the area. Our results revealed that CBF of the right inferior frontal gyrus, whose function is to process inhibitory responses, was most active under medium difficulty. CBF of transverse temporal gyrus, whose function is to process sounds, was active under low and medium difficulties at the same level. In contrast, the CBF activation level was lowest under highest difficulty. Moreover, according to the results of the questionnaire survey on subjective difficulty, seven subjects of the thirteenth could not properly differentiate between go and no-go signals under high difficulty. We concluded that CBF of inhibition responses depends on task difficulty in the go\/no-go tasks. We observed that when the subject could differentiate between go and no-go signals, CBF response was more active on the right inferior frontal gyrus, and this activation was correlated with the difficulty. However, when the subject could not differentiate between go and the no-go signals, the activation was smaller.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 
\n\u30fb\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u65e5\u7a0b\uff0c\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\uff0c\u767a\u8868\u5f62\u5f0f
\n\u30fb\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u767a\u8868\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u7c21\u5358\u306b\u8aac\u660e
\n2.2. \u8cea\u7591\u5fdc\u7b54
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u767a\u8868\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8cea\u7591\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>1<\/b>
\n\u95a2\u897f\u5b66\u9662\u5927\u5b66\u6240\u5c5e\u306e\u7247\u5c71\u6df3\u4e00\u5148\u751f\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059\uff0e\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306f12\u4eba\u4e2d8\u4eba\u306e\u5024\u3092\u629c\u7c8b\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u306e\u306f\u306a\u305c\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u79c1\u306f\uff0c\u540c\u3058\u50be\u5411\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3053\u306e\u89e3\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u306f\u554f\u984c\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6559\u3048\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u591a\u4eba\u6570\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u89e3\u6790\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\uff0c\u540c\u3058\u50be\u5411\u3092\u793a\u3059\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3060\u3051\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b\u306e\u306f\uff0c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306a\u51e6\u7406\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u5024\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u7d71\u8a08\u306a\u3069\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u50be\u5411\u3092\u793a\u3059\u51e6\u7406\u3092\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u826f\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>2<\/b>
\n\u540c\u5fd7\u793e\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5352\u696d\u751f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u85e4\u672c\u606d\u5b50\u3055\u3093\u306b\u306f\uff0cMRI\u3084EEG\u3067\u540c\u6642\u8a08\u6e2c\u3092\u3057\u305f\u307b\u3046\u304c\uff0c\u8133\u90e8\u4f4d\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3067\u304d\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\uff0c\u3068\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u5b66\u4f1a\u306e\u50be\u5411\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001NIRS\u3088\u308a\u3082MRI\u3084EEG\u306e\u307b\u3046\u304c\u591a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u6297\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u3060\u3051\u306eNIRS\u306e\u9577\u6240\u3092\u62bc\u3057\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u884c\u304f\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>3<\/b>
\n\u5e73\u7530\u5148\u751fGO\u4fe1\u53f7\u304c2000Hz\u306e\u3068\u304d\u306f\u540c\u3058\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u6708\u4f8b\u767a\u8868\u4f1a\u3067\u3082\u6a2a\u5185\u5148\u751f\u304b\u3089\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3054\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3044\u305f\u305f\u3081\uff0cNOGO\u4fe1\u53f7\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\uff0cGO\u4fe1\u53f7\u3082\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305b\u3066\uff0c\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n 
\n\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb9<\/b>4<\/b>
\n\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30c9\u5927\u5b66\u306eHADI HOSSEINI\u3055\u3093\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u524d\u982d\u90e8\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u30a4\u30de\u30a4\u30c1\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u8ab2\u984c\u3067\u306f\u524d\u982d\u90e8\u304c\u3088\u304f\u6d3b\u6027\u3059\u308b\u306f\u305a\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3054\u6307\u6458\u3092\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u307e\u305f\u8a08\u6e2c\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30d6\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\uff0c5\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30d6\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3068\u898b\u305f\u3044\u90e8\u5206(\u4e0b\u524d\u982d\u56de\u5468\u8fba)\u304c\u898b\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3089\uff0c3\u00d711\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30d6\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u9032\u3081\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u66f8\u304f
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u8005\u306e\u6240\u5c5e\u3068\u540d\u524d\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u66f8\u304f
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u56de\u7b54\u3092\u66f8\u304f
\n 
\n2.3. \u611f\u60f3
\n\u307b\u304b\u306b\u3082\u591a\u304f\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304d\u3001\u3068\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044\u6a5f\u4f1a\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u306f\u4e88\u60f3\u901a\u308a\uff0c\u8ab2\u984c\u70b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u304c\uff0c\u82f1\u8a9e\u529b\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5c48\u305b\u305a\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u306b\u7acb\u3061\u5411\u304b\u3046\u59ff\u52e2\u304c\u5927\u5207\u3060\u3068\u75db\u611f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u4f55\u4e8b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u6311\u6226\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5927\u5207\u3067\u3059\uff0e
\n 
\n3. \u8074\u8b1b
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4e0b\u8a18\u306e5\u4ef6\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3092\u8074\u8b1b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Differential control of task switching at the local and sequence level in the frontal cortex\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aT. M. DESROCHERS<\/b>1<\/sup>, D. BADRE1,2<\/sup>;
\n1<\/sup>Dept. of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sci.,\u00a02<\/sup>Brown Inst. for Brain Sci., Brown Univ., Providence, RI\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Executive function
\nAbstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Every day we perform tasks that could be characterized by having a superordinate goal that is achieved through multiple sub-goals. Such sequential tasks require multiple transitions, both locally between individual sub-tasks and also at higher levels as sequences are selected based on higher order goals. Behavioral evidence has suggested that local task switching demands can be separated from higher order, sequence level demands. However, it remains unknown whether management of local versus sequence level task transitions is managed by separable systems in the brain. Prior evidence suggests that hierarchical control demands are supported by separate, more rostral, regions of prefrontal cortex relative to lower order control. But this hypothesis has not been tested in the context of hierarchical control over sequences. To address this gap, we scanned participants while they performed short, memorized sequences of simple categorization tasks. For example, a task sequence might be AABB, where task A is a color categorization (e.g., red or blue) and task B a shape categorization (e.g., circle or square). Within this task, we independently manipulated demands on control over local task transitions versus sequence transitions. Specifically, local task control was manipulated by contrasting task switches (e.g., A to B) to task repeats (e.g., A to A) among consecutive tasks regardless of their position in a sequence. Sequence level control was manipulated by contrasting complex sequences, defined as those with more local switches (e.g., ABBA), to simpler sequences (e.g., AABB). The contribution of a hierarchical control process was evident in greater reaction time (RT) at the beginnings of sequences, that was separable from effects due to individual task transitions. Local switching (Task Switch > Task Repeat) was associated with activation in right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and preSMA. Sequence level control (Complex > Simple sequence) was associated with activation in left inferior frontal sulcus (IFS). Moreover, a parametric analysis revealed that sustained activation in this IFS region over the course of entire 4-element task sequences was associated with a lower initiation cost for that sequence, directly tying activation in this region to efficient establishment of the sequence. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that control of task sequences is governed by separable areas, and that this control occurs on multiple time scales both at the execution of each task and across the sequence of tasks. These results are considered within the context of current models fronto-striatal systems supporting hierarchical cognitive control.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\u8ab2\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\u6642\u306b\u6d3b\u6027\u91cf\u304c\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u90e8\u4f4d\u306e\u691c\u8a0e\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u8ab2\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u53cd\u5fdc\u3068\u523a\u6fc0\u304c\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u5834\u5408\u3068\uff0c\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u306e2\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u79c1\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u4f3c\u305f\u5185\u5bb9\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u523a\u6fc0\u3068\u53cd\u5fdc\u306e\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u30b9\u30c8\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u8ab2\u984c\u3068\u3088\u304f\u4f3c\u305f\u8ab2\u984c\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5370\u8c61\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u307e\u305f\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u8005\u306f\u82f1\u8a9e\u3082\u307e\u307e\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u79c1\u306b\uff0c\u4e01\u5be7\u306b\u7c21\u5358\u306a\u8a00\u8449\u3067\u3086\u3063\u304f\u308a\u8a71\u3057\u3066\u4e0b\u3055\u308a\uff0c\u3068\u3066\u3082\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u304f\u6b8b\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aIncreased human hippocampal theta oscillations are associated with the maintenance of temporal order information in working memory\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a *L.-T. HSIEH<\/b>1,2<\/sup>, A. D. EKSTROM2,1<\/sup>, K. SHAHLAIE3<\/sup>, S. T. FARIAS4<\/sup>, M. SEYAL4<\/sup>, C. RANGANATH1,2<\/sup>;
\n1<\/sup>Ctr. for Neurosci.,\u00a02<\/sup>Psychology,\u00a03<\/sup>Neurolog. Surgery,\u00a04<\/sup>Dept. of Neurol., UC Davis, Davis, CA\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aWorking memory
\nAbstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Several electroencephalography (EEG) studies have suggested that neural oscillations might play a role in working memory (WM) processes. In particular, scalp EEG studies suggest that oscillatory activity in the theta band (4-8 Hz) increases during tasks that require the active maintenance of temporal order information, relative to equally difficult tasks that require maintenance of item features. Little is known about the brain regions that are critical for scalp-recorded theta oscillations, although there is reason to believe that regions in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex might contribute. Here, we used invasive intracranial EEG recordings from epilepsy patients undergoing presurgical evaluation in order to identify brain regions where oscillatory activity was related to maintenance of temporal order information in WM. Intracranial EEG was recorded while patients completed two types of WM trials: ITEM trials and ORDER trials. On each trial, an instruction word (either \u201cITEM\u201d or \u201cORDER\u201d) was shown, followed by four sequentially presented visual objects, and then after a 4 sec retention interval, a test display was shown. On ORDER trials, the test display consisted of two visual objects from the previous sequence, and patients were asked to identify which visual object came earlier in the sequence. On ITEM trials, the test display consisted of one previously presented visual object along with another foil object that was not in the sequence. Patients had to identify which of the two objects was presented in the sequence. Preliminary results from three patients show that hippocampal theta was modulated by maintenance of item and order information. Specifically, two out of the three patients showed that the successful maintenance of temporal order information was associated with enhanced hippocampal theta oscillations as compared to the successful maintenance of item information in WM. These results provide preliminary evidence for the importance of hippocampal theta in maintaining the order of recent events. Further analyses will be performed in order to characterize activity in other regions, including the prefrontal cortex.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

2\u3064\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u74b0\u5883\u4e0b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6d3b\u6027\u90e8\u4f4d\u304c\u5de6\u53f3\u3067\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30021\u3064\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u306f\u3001\u8868\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u81ea\u4f53\u306b\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3001\u3042\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u304c\u51fa\u308b\u3068\u53cd\u5fdc\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3002\u3082\u30461\u3064\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u81ea\u4f53\u306b\u610f\u5473\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u524d\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u3067\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u524d\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u3092\u899a\u3048\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3001\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u691c\u8a0e\u304c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002GO\/NOGO\u8ab2\u984c\u3082\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u95a2\u9023\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u8996\u91ce\u3092\u5e83\u304f\u3057\u3066\u3001\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002
\n 
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Longer reaction time is associated with increased task-specific cognitive control and decreased default mode activity\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aA. D. BARBER<\/b>1,2<\/sup>, B. S. CAFFO3<\/sup>, J. J. PEKAR1,2<\/sup>, S. H. MOSTOFSKY1,2<\/sup>;
\n1<\/sup>Kennedy Krieger Inst., Baltimore, MD;\u00a02<\/sup>Johns Hopkins Sch. of Med., Baltimore, MD;\u00a03<\/sup>Johns Hopkins Sch. of Publ. Hlth., Baltimore, MD\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a .Cognition, Learning, and Memory: Neural Mechanisms.
\nAbstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Within-subject, trial-to-trial fluctuations in reaction time (RT) may reflect fluctuations in attention, integration of information across regions that implement different aspects of the task, or state changes in global network efficiency. Previous studies have found that specific regions are influenced by RT independent of task demands, which may reflect the particular function of the region (e.g. response selection demand). The current study examined RT effects on brain activity in two Go\/No-go tasks: a Simple task with an intuitive stimulus-response mapping (green=go, red=no-go) and a Repeat task, with an inconsistent stimulus-response mapping (color change=go, color repeat=no-go), which required working memory for task performance.
\n22 healthy adults were scanned for two blocks on each task. Image preprocessing and analysis occurred in SPM5. First-level general linear models included up to seven condition trial onset regressors (Post-Rest Go, Go, Go RT, No-go, Commission Error, Omission Error, and Anticipatory trials on which the RT<200 msec), which were convolved with the canonical HRF, temporal and dispersion derivatives. In addition, nuisance regressors (six motion parameters, mean white matter, mean cerebrospinal fluid, and mean whole brain time-courses) and a block regressor for each functional run were included. First-level contrasts of Go RT revealed those regions that increased or decreased activity linearly with RT for the Simple and Repeat Tasks separately. Second-level group effects were examined across subjects.
\nIn the Simple Task, slower RT was associated with increased activation in visual (BA 19), inferior and superior temporal (BA 37\/39\/22), inferior and superior parietal (BA 7\/40), and postcentral gyrus (BA 5\/2). In the Repeat Task, activation increases with RT occurred within a right frontal region spanning dorso- and ventrolateral cortices (BA 9\/44\/45\/46), anterior insula (BA 13), pre-supplementary motor area and anterior cingulate (BA 6\/8\/32) and bilateral parietal regions mainly confined to inferior and superior parietal cortex (BA 7\/40) with greater extent into supramarginal and angular gyri on the right side. Examination of regions that showed decreased activity with slower RT revealed the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC: BA 9\/10\/32) for both tasks.
\nRT modulated activity in a unique set of regions for the two tasks, reflecting task-specific cognitive\/attention control. Increased recruitment of these regions may reflect greater deliberate control in slow RT trials. Decreased MPFC activation in slow RT trials may reflect default mode network suppression when control increased.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8996\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u306eGO\/NOGO\u8ab2\u984c\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u53cd\u5fdc\u6642\u9593\u3068\u8133\u6d3b\u52d5\u5909\u5316\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u53cd\u5fdc\u6642\u9593\u304c\u5897\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8996\u899a\u91ce\u306e\u53cd\u5fdc\u304c\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u53cd\u5fdc\u6642\u9593\u306f\u8133\u6d3b\u52d5\u3068\u5bc6\u63a5\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u793a\u5506\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\uff0c\u79c1\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3082\u6210\u7e3e\u3068\u8133\u6d3b\u52d5\u5909\u5316\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Increasing functional connectivity with cognitive load\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aL. AHONEN<\/b>1,2<\/sup>, M. HUOTILAINEN2<\/sup>;
\n1<\/sup>Ty\u00f6terveyslaitos, Helsinki, Finland;\u00a02<\/sup>Cognitive Sci., Helsinki Univ., Helsinki, Finland\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a 573.Working Memory and Executive Function III.
\nAbstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Studying working memory (WM) with computerized classical cognitive tests is an efficient way to investigate functional activation patterns in brain with different cognitive load levels. The present study investigated neural activity using magnetoenchepalography (MEG) in N-back paradigm. N-back is a task that according to previous research activates large number of WM related brain areas. There are also preliminary results in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggesting that lateral and other inter-areal connectivity between WM associated areas increase during higher cognitive loads. N-back provides precise way to control cognitive load and working memory related activation. We conducted connectivity analysis based on Granger causality to test functional relations between brain regions that have been identified to be task related networks. We focused on load-dependent changes in event-related activity originating from key brain areas in frontal and parietal regions and tested the connectivity in different task conditions. We found increased fronto-parietal and lateral connections with more difficult task conditions. The connectivity was increasing in the direction from frontal areas to parietal areas and between the hemispheres. These results are in line with the previous literature as the number the active brain regions goes up, the connectivity between the related areas become more prominent. These results reveal the functional networking between brain regions during updating and maintaining task dependent information. The connections from frontal regions might generalize to other cognitively demanding tasks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306fMEG\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u6291\u5236\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u8abf\u67fb\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u79c1\u304cNIRS\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a71\u3059\u3068\uff0c\u7a7a\u9593\u5206\u89e3\u80fd\u306e\u554f\u984c\u70b9\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u3067\u306fMEG\u3084MRI\u306e\u307b\u3046\u304c\u3075\u3055\u308f\u3057\u3044\u306e\u304b\u306a\u3068\u6539\u3081\u3066\u8003\u3048\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a\u3000Effect of visual context on the activation of move- and use-related actions during semantic object processing\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aA. D. SHAPIRO<\/b>1<\/sup>, S. KAL\u00c9NINE2<\/sup>, A. FLUMINI3<\/sup>, A. M. BORGHI3,4<\/sup>, L. J. BUXBAUM1<\/sup>;
\n1<\/sup>Moss Rehabil. Res. Inst., Elkins Park, PA;\u00a02<\/sup>Lille Nord de France Univ., Lille, France;\u00a03<\/sup>Univ. of Bologna, Bologna, Italy;\u00a04<\/sup>ISTC-CNR, Rome, Italy\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Perception: Auditory, Tactile, and Multisensory.
\nAbstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a A number of lines of evidence suggest that observation of manipulable objects activates the motor system (e.g., Chao & Martin, 2000; Craighero, Bello, Fadiga, & Rizzolatti, 2002; Martin, 2007; Noppeney, 2008; Tucker & Ellis, 1998). Many manipulable objects, however, are associated with several actions. For example, a tape dispenser may be grasped with a power grip (clench) to move it, whereas the end of the tape may be grasped with a precision grip (pinch) to use it. Recent studies have shown that object processing may recruit both of these action types (Bub, Masson, & Cree, 2008), and that they may compete with each other within single objects (Jax & Buxbaum, 2010; Jax & Buxbaum, 2013). This study explored the hypothesis that evocation of move- or use-related actions is responsive to the congruence of the visual scene in which objects are presented.
\nTwenty-one healthy adults were asked to categorize object pictures presented in different naturalistic visual contexts that evoke either move- or use-related actions (e.g. tape dispenser in drawer vs. on desk top). Categorization judgments (natural vs. artifact) were performed by making a move- or a use-related action (clench vs. a pinch) on a response device. Categorization reaction times were analyzed as a function of Context (use or move) and Gesture (clench or pinch). Although the actions performed were irrelevant to the categorization judgment, responses were significantly faster when actions were compatible (use context-pinch, move context-clench) compared to incompatible (use context-clench, move context-pinch) with the visual context.
\nPrior demonstrations indicate that action evocation during object processing may be modulated by action intentions (e.g, Pavese & Buxbaum, 2002), distance from the viewer (e.g., Costantini, Ambrosini, Scorolli, & Borghi, 2011), relationships to other objects (Borghi, Flumini, Natraj, & Wheaton, 2012) and verbal context (e.g., Lee, Middleton, Mirman, Kal\u00e9nine, & Buxbaum, 2013). These data extend such findings by demonstrating that activation of move and use-related gestures during semantic object processing may additionally be modulated by the visual scene in which the objects are presented, with clear implications for object processing in naturalistic tasks.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3068\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u306a\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u306a\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306e\u307b\u3046\u304c\u6642\u9593\u304c\u304b\u304b\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u4ed6\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3067\u3082\u53cd\u5fdc\u6642\u9593\u3068\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u8abf\u67fb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u304c\u591a\u304f\uff0c\u53cd\u5fdc\u306f\u8ab2\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u5bc6\u63a5\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3059\uff0e\u53cd\u5fdc\u6642\u9593\u306b\u306f\u4fe1\u53f7\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u4ee5\u5916\u306b\u3082\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u9078\u629e\u306b\u6642\u9593\u3092\u8981\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\uff0c\u3044\u3064\u3082\u3068\u9055\u3046\u8996\u70b9\u3067\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n 
\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1aAcute mild exercise improves cognitive performance associated with arousal-related prefrontal activation: An fNIRS study\u8457\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a*K. BYUN<\/b>1<\/sup>, I. DAN2<\/sup>, K. HYODO1<\/sup>, K. SUWABE1<\/sup>, G. OCHI1<\/sup>, H. SOYA1<\/sup>;
\n1<\/sup>Univ. of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan;\u00a02<\/sup>Chuo Univ., Tokyo, Japan\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a Cognitive Enhancing Effects of Exercise and Practice.
\nAbstruct\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff1a A growing number of studies have reported the beneficial influences of acute and chronic exercise on cognition. Our previous study (Yanagisawa et al., 2010) revealed that moderate exercise at 50% V[[unable to display character: &#775;]]O2peak enhances executive function via exercise-induced activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (l-DLPFC). However, little research has been done concerning whether mild exercise would have beneficial role for cognitive function, and if so, which brain regions get activated. To address this issue, the study aims to examine the effect of mild exercise on cognition and the neural substrate by adopting the Stroop interference (incongruent – neutral contrast), a representative index of executive functions. Twenty-five subjects (mean age, 20.6 \u00b1 1 years; 12 females) participated in two counter-balanced sessions: Exercise (Ex) and Control (Con). In the Ex session, subjects performed a color-word matching Stroop task and a two-dimensional mode scale (TDMS) for measuring psychological arousal levels before and after 10 minutes of the exercise on a cycle ergometer at a low intensity (30% V[[unable to display character: &#775;]]O2peak). Cortical hemodynamic changes of the prefrontal area were monitored during the Stroop task in both sessions with a non-invasive functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). McNemar\u2019s test was conducted to assess correspondence between behavioural and neural substrates. It was found that mild exercise reduced Stroop interference. Enhanced performance was positively related with arousal levels. As for the neural substrates, cortical activations in response to Stroop interference during the pre-session were detected on the bilateral prefrontal cortex. After the acute mild exercise, brain activations on the l-DLPFC and the left frontopolar area (l-FPA) in association with a higher-order control were enhanced and those elevations were positively correlated with arousal levels as well. The result of the McNemar\u2019s test showed that elicited activations of the l-DLPFC and l-FPA significantly corresponded with improved cognitive performance. These results suggest that acute mild exercise improves executive function, and the effect was mediated in part by activations of the arousal-related prefrontal sub-regions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\u904b\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u524d\u3068\u904b\u52d5\u76f4\u5f8c\u3067\u306f\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u6210\u7e3e\u3068\u8133\u6d3b\u52d5\u306b\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u904b\u52d5\u306b\u7d61\u3081\u3066\uff0c\u899a\u9192\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u3082\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u5f53\u3066\u3066\u304a\u308a\uff0c\u899a\u9192\u72b6\u614b\u304c\u8a8d\u77e5\u6d3b\u52d5\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u899a\u9192\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u6307\u6a19\u306b\u306f\u30a2\u30f3\u30b1\u30fc\u30c8\u304c\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\uff0c\u6539\u3081\u3066\u899a\u9192\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3092\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e
\n1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Neuroscience2013, http:\/\/www.sfn.org\/annual-meeting\/neuroscience-2013<\/a>
\n 
\n\u5b66\u4f1a\u53c2\u52a0\u5831\u544a\u66f8
\n\u5831\u544a\u8005\u6c0f\u540d
\n\u4e95\u4e0a\u6953\u5f69
\n\u767a\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb fNIRS\u5b9f\u9a13\u6642\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u97f3\u5727\u5909\u5316\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u306e\u691c\u8a0e
\n\u767a\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\u82f1\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb The effect on changing sound pressure during the measurement using functional Near-Infrare Spectroscopy
\n\u8457\u8005 \u4e95\u4e0a\u6953\u5f69, \u661f\u91ce\u96c4\u5730, \u5c71\u672c\u8a69\u5b50, \u5ee3\u5b89\u77e5\u4e4b
\n\u4e3b\u50ac Society for Neuroscience
\n\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u540d Neuroscience 2013
\n\u4f1a\u5834 San Diego Convention Centre
\n\u958b\u50ac\u65e5\u7a0b 2013\/11\/09-2013\/11\/13
\n1. \u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u306e\u8a73\u7d30
\n2013\/11\/09\u304b\u30892013\/11\/13\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066, San Diego Convention Centre\u306b\u3066\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305fNeuroscience 2013\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u3053\u306eNeuroscience 2013\u306f, Society for Neuroscience\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e3b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5b66\u4f1a\u3067, \u5b66\u751f\u3068\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u304c\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u3066, \u795e\u7d4c\u7cfb\u3084\u8133\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306e\u4ea4\u6d41\u3084, \u5b66\u8853\u6587\u5316\u767a\u5c55\u306b\u5bc4\u4e0e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059.
\n\u79c1\u306f12\u65e5\u306e\u307f\u53c2\u52a0\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u304b\u3089\u306f\u4ed6\u306b\u5c71\u672c\u5148\u751f, \u6728\u6751, \u6749\u7530, \u5927\u897f, \u771e\u5cf6, \u65e9\u5ddd, \u5c07\u7a4d\u304c\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f.
\n2. \u7814\u7a76\u767a\u8868
\n2.1. \u767a\u8868\u6982\u8981
\n\u79c1\u306f12\u65e5\u306e\u5348\u524d\u306e\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u300cWorking Memory and Executive Function III\u300d\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3044\u305f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u767a\u8868\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u306f\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u767a\u8868\u3067\uff0c4\u6642\u9593\u306e\u8cea\u7591\u5fdc\u7b54\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306f\uff0c\u2026\uff0e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306b\u6284\u9332\u3092\u8a18\u8f09\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff0e
\n\u3010\u76ee\u7684\u3011
\n\u97f3\u74b0\u5883\u3092\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\u969b\u306e\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u8a18\u61b6\u8ab2\u984c\u4f5c\u696d\u6642\u306e\u8133\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7279\u306b\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u97f3\u306e\u97f3\u5727\u3092\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\u969b\u306b\u8133\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u5909\u5316\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304b\u306e\u691c\u8a0e\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3002
\n\u3010\u5b9f\u9a13\u65b9\u6cd5\u3011
\n\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u306f\u4f5c\u696d\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6570\u5b57\u8a18\u61b6\u8ab2\u984c\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6570\u5b57\u8a18\u61b6\u8ab2\u984c\u306f\u3001\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u30e0\u306b\u8868\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f8\u6841\u306e\u6570\u5b57\u3092\u8a18\u61b6\u3059\u308b\u8ab2\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306f\u3001\u9759\u97f3\u9759\uff0848dB\uff09\u3001White noise\u3001Mozart\u4f5c\u66f2\u306e\u300c2\u53f0\u306e\u30d4\u30a2\u30ce\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30bd\u30ca\u30bf\u300d(\u4ee5\u4e0b, Mozart)\u306e\u74b0\u5883\u5316\u3067\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u300165dB\u306875dB\u3067\u5448\u793a\u3057, \u3053\u306e\u3068\u304d\u306e\u4f5c\u696d\u6210\u7e3e\u3068\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u9178\u7d20\u30d8\u30e2\u30b0\u30ed\u30d3\u30f3\u6fc3\u5ea6(\u4ee5\u4e0b, Oxy-Hb\u6fc3\u5ea6)\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8abf\u67fb\u3057\u305f\u3002\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u306f, \u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u8fd1\u8d64\u5916\u7dda\u5206\u5149\u6cd5\u88c5\u7f6e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8a08\u6e2c\u3057\u305f.
\n\u3010\u7d50\u679c\u3011
\n\u5b9f\u9a13\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066, \u5448\u793a\u97f3\u306e\u97f3\u5727\u306e\u9055\u3044\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4f5c\u696d\u6210\u7e3e\u3068\u8ab2\u984c\u4e2d\u306e\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u306e\u5dee\u7570\u306f, Mozart\u5448\u793a\u6642\u3067\u898b\u53d7\u3051\u3089\u308c, \u4e00\u65b9\u3067White noise\u5448\u793a\u6642\u3067\u306f\u898b\u53d7\u3051\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f. \u8ab2\u984c\u4e2d\u306eOxy-Hb\u6fc3\u5ea6\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f, Mozart\u5448\u793a\u6642, White noise\u5448\u793a\u6642\u3068\u3082\u306b\u4e0a\u6607\u306e\u50be\u5411\u3092\u307f\u305b\u305f. \u4ee5\u4e0a\u3088\u308a, \u97f3\u74b0\u5883\u4e0b\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4f5c\u696d\u6210\u7e3e\u3068\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8abf\u67fb\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306f, \u5448\u793a\u97f3\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066, \u97f3\u5727\u5909\u5316\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3084\u3059\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3068, \u305d\u3046\u3067\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u7559\u610f\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u793a\u5506\u3055\u308c\u305f.
\n\u3010Purpose\u3011
\nI examined about the influence of brain function during engaging a number memory task with changing sound environment.
\nEspecially, I investigated whether brain function change can be found between two kinds of sound environments.
\n\u3010Experiment Method\u3011
\nIn this research, I chose number memory task as the working task.
\nThe task shows random eight digits and subjects try to memorise these digits.
\nThe subjects engaged the task with srounded by two kinds of sound environments, which are white noise and “Sonata for Two Pianos in D major(Mozart)” composed by Mozart.
\nI analysed the task score and Oxy-hemoglobin concentration caused by brain blood flow change while the sound environments were presented 65dB and 75dB.
\nThe brain blood flow change was measured by near infrared spectroscopy.
\n\u3010Result\u3011
\nAs the result, there were significant differences between two kinds of sound pressure level in terms of task score and cerebral blood flow change.
\nIn other words, the difference was shown when Mozart was presented.
\nOn the other hand, the difference was not shown when white noise was presented.
\nIn addition, the increase of Oxy-hemoglobin concentration was found in both of sound environments.
\nTherefore, there can be grouped into two types of sounds. The one effected on subjects easily, while the other one was shown otherwise.
\nIn conclusion, it should be noted for choosing sound, when investigated task performance and cerebral blood flow changes in the sound environment.
\n2.2. \u8cea\u7591\u5fdc\u7b54
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u767a\u8868\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8cea\u7591\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb91
\n\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306f\u3001\u660e\u6cbb\u5927\u5b66\u5927\u5b66\u9662 \u8a8d\u77e5\u8133\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u306e\u90fd\u5730\u88d5\u6a39\u69d8\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059. \u300c\u524d\u982d\u524d\u76ae\u8cea\u80cc\u5916\u5074\u90e8(DLPFC)\u306f\u5de6\u53f3\u5bfe\u79f0\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u304c, \u306a\u305c\u5de6\u5074\u3060\u3051\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3057\u305f\u306e\u304b.\u3000\u300d\u3068\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066, \u300c\u8ab2\u984c\u6210\u7e3e\u304c\u97f3\u5727\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u7fa4\u3068\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306a\u3044\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u7fa4\u3068\u306e\u9593\u3067, Oxy-Hb\u6fc3\u5ea6\u5909\u5316\u306b\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5dee\u7570\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70b9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d, \u5de6\u5074\u306eDLPFC\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5dee\u7570\u304c\u307f\u3089\u308c\u305f. \u300d\u3068\u304a\u7b54\u3048\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u3057\u304b\u3057, \u8a08\u6e2c\u81ea\u4f53\u306f\u5de6\u5074\u306eDLPFC\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f, \u524d\u982d\u90e8\u3068\u4e21\u5074\u982d\u90e8\u3067\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u306e\u3067\u7fa4\u5206\u3051\u306b\u56da\u308f\u308c\u305a\u524d\u9818\u57df\u306eOxy-Hb\u6fc3\u5ea6\u5909\u5316\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f.
\n\u30fb\u8cea\u554f\u5185\u5bb92
\n\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306f, \u757f\u592e\u5927\u5b66 \u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30ed\u30ea\u30cf\u30d3\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u7814\u7a76\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u5bae\u5d0e\u6709\u5e0c\u69d8\u304b\u3089\u9802\u3044\u305f\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u3059. \u4eca\u56de, \u79c1\u304c\u767a\u8868\u3057\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u5185\u5bb9\u306f, \u8ab2\u984c\u6210\u7e3e\u304c\u97f3\u5727\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u3068\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306a\u3044\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306b\u7fa4\u5206\u3051\u3092\u3057, \u4e21\u7fa4\u306eOxy-Hb\u6fc3\u5ea6\u5909\u5316\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f. \u3057\u304b\u3057, \u524d\u8005\u306e\u7fa4\u306b\u4e00\u4eba, \u4ed6\u3068\u6bd4\u3079\u3066\u50be\u5411\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u304c\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3054\u6307\u6458\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u5bae\u5d0e\u69d8\u306e\u3054\u6307\u6458\u3092\u53d7\u3051, \u4eca\u5f8c, \u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u6570\u3092\u5897\u3084\u3057, \u518d\u5ea6\u691c\u8a0e\u3092\u884c\u3046\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f.
\n2.3. \u611f\u60f3
\nfNIRS\u304c\u65e5\u672c\u767a\u7965\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4ee5\u524d\u304b\u3089\u5b58\u3058\u3066\u304a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c, \u4e16\u754c\u7684\u306b\u306f\u307e\u3060\u307e\u3060\u666e\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u73fe\u72b6\u3092\u77e5\u308a, \u5927\u5909\u9a5a\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u666e\u6bb5\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u5185\u767a\u8868\u3067\u306f,fNIRS\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u539f\u7406\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066, \u7686\u3055\u3093\u65e2\u306b\u719f\u77e5\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u7279\u306b\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u306f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304c, Neuroscience \u3067\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u898b\u306b\u6765\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3063\u305f\u7686\u3055\u307e\u5168\u54e1\u306b, fNIRS\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u305a, \u3082\u3063\u3068\u5341\u5206\u306a\u8cc7\u6599\u3092\u6301\u53c2\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3088\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u5f8c\u6094\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f.
\n3. \u8074\u8b1b
\n\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u4f1a\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4e0b\u8a18\u306e5\u4ef6\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3092\u8074\u8b1b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0e
\n\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb \uff1a Dynamics based neural coding in the subjectivity context
\n\u8457\u8005 \uff1a *K. MOGI; Fund Res. Lab., Sony Comp Sci. Lab.,
\nShinagawa-Ku, Japan
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d \uff1a Timing and Temporal Processing
\nAbstruct \uff1a Disclosure Block: Support: Dynamics is an essential element in the coding of information in the brain (Stein et al. 2005). In analyzing neural codes, the conventional approach has been to apply statistical methods such as signal detection theory (Swets 1964) or integrated information theory (Tononi 1998). Such an approach has provided useful insights into the functions of the brain and principles of perception and cognition. A statistical approach can be enhanced further by incorporating the dynamics and structure of the system explicitly. Key to such a treatment is the explicit and dynamic choice of the \u201censembles\u201d with which the statistical properties of a system are analyzed.A number of experimental data and theoretical analysis have suggested that perception is an active process, where the hypotheses and internal models based on past experience are \u201cmatched\u201d with the incoming sensory data. It is thus likely that the dynamic choice of ensembles by the cortical neural network is implemented in this matching process.Here I present an analysis of the necessary conditions for the construction of a dynamics based neural coding, citing relevant evidence from the measurement of neural firings in the brain. Strategies for the study of neural information processing in the era of big data on brain anatomy and function are presented.A model for dynamics-embedded ensemble formation is presented, with the subjectivity structure explicitly given. In this model, time is an essential element constructed actively, on which a spectrum of neural codes are defined. Psychological time generated from the neural activities is in general different from the physical time. It is proposed that the excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory connections within the neural network contribute to the construction of subjective time in different manners. Finally, I discuss how the semantics of information can be implemented in a coding system based on dynamics and embedded in the subjectivity context.
\n\u8133\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b, \u8302\u6728\u5065\u4e00\u90ce\u5148\u751f\u306e\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u767a\u8868\u3092\u9593\u8fd1\u3067\u8074\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d, \u5927\u5909\u8cb4\u91cd\u306a\u4f53\u9a13\u3092\u81f4\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u4eca\u56de, \u8302\u6728\u5148\u751f\u304c\u767a\u8868\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u306f, \u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u306e\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u304c\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u306b\u611f\u3058\u308b\u6642\u9593\u306e\u9577\u3055\u3068, \u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u306a\u6642\u9593\u306e\u9577\u3055\u306b\u306f\u8ca0\u306e\u76f8\u95a2\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f. \u65e5\u9803\u304b\u3089\u79c1\u81ea\u8eab\u3082\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u8ab2\u984c\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u7d44\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f, \u9577\u6642\u9593\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5f93\u4e8b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082, \u3042\u3063\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u9593\u306b\u6642\u9593\u304c\u904e\u304e\u53bb\u3063\u305f\u304b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u932f\u899a\u3092\u899a\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059. \u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u65e5\u5e38\u306e\u4e8b\u67c4\u3092\u6539\u3081\u3066\u5b9f\u9a13\u306b\u3088\u308a\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u305f, \u8302\u6728\u5148\u751f\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306b, \u3044\u305f\u304f\u611f\u9298\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f.
\n\u666e\u6bb5, \u8302\u6728\u5148\u751f\u304c\uff34\uff36\u51fa\u6f14\u3092\u306a\u3055\u308b\u3068\u304d, \u8133\u79d1\u5b66\u306b\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u306b\u3067\u3082\u5206\u304b\u308a\u3084\u3059\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b, \u565b\u307f\u7815\u3044\u3067\u304a\u8a71\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304c, \u672c\u5b66\u4f1a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f. \u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u76ee\u7dda\u3067\u7814\u7a76\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067, \u79c1\u306f\u305d\u306e\u8a71\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u304f\u306e\u304c\u7cbe\u4e00\u676f\u3067\u3057\u305f. \u3053\u306e\u82e6\u3044\u7d4c\u9a13\u3092\u6d3b\u304b\u3057\u3001\u6b21\u306b\u7e4b\u3052\u3066\u3044\u304d\u305f\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059.
\n\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb \uff1a Test date expectancy affects memory performance
\n\u8457\u8005 \uff1a *R. E. LOIOTILE1, R. A. ADCOCK3,4,
\nS. M. COURTNEY1,2,5;1Psychological and Brain Sci.,
\n2Neurosci., Johns Hopkins Univ.,
\nBaltimore, MD; 3Ctr. for Cognitive Neurosci.,
\n4Dept. of Psychiatry, Duke Univ., Durham, NC; 5F.
\nM. Kirby Res. Ctr., Kennedy Krieger Inst., Baltimore, MD
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d \uff1a Human Long-Term Memory: Encoding
\nAbstruct \uff1a Though several studies have examined the role of test expectations– e.g. expectations of test type and test consequences– on subsequent performance, surprisingly little is known on the role of test date expectations, specifically. Knowledge of test dates certainly affects how students distribute their study time, a learning factor that has been investigated since the birth of memory research. But, irrespective of study-time distribution, does knowledge of the expected test date affect one\u2019s encoding of the material?Our study, therefore, seeks to determine the effects of expected test date on memory performance. We hypothesized (1) that individuals would alter their learning strategies, perhaps even unbeknownst to themselves, to benefit expectations of longer retrieval delays or (2) that certain test dates– e.g., those closer to the present– would induce differential pre-learning motivation or preparedness to learn.Our experiment tested recognition on a set of 120 emotionally neutral scene stimuli in twenty subjects. Subjects were informed that half of the stimuli would be tested today (i.e., 30 minutes after encoding), half would be tested tomorrow (i.e., 23-25 hours after encoding), and that they would be informed of each scene\u2019s test date by a pre- (and during-) scene cue reading \u201ctoday\u201d or \u201ctomorrow.\u201d Critically, subsequent recognition tests ignored the advertised test dates. Subjects were tested on half of the stimuli from each test-date cue on each test date. For example, 30 today-cued scenes were tested at \u201ctoday,\u201d and the remaining 30 today-cued scenes were tested at \u201ctomorrow.\u201dAnalysis revealed a significant main effect of cue date on memory performance. On average, subjects remembered today-cued stimuli better than tomorrow-cued stimuli on both \u201ctoday\u201d and \u201ctomorrow\u201d tests, with the latter showing a significant difference. Our results indicate that despite monetary incentives to perform as well as possible on both \u201ctoday\u201d and \u201ctomorrow\u201d tests, independently, subjects were more motivated– some admittedly, others unknowingly– to memorize the stimuli they thought would be appearing on \u201ctoday\u2019s\u201d test.Future fMRI work will attempt to ascertain the neural mechanisms of this differential memory performance. In particular we would like to examine whether today-cued stimuli, independent of memory performance, are correlated with differential increases in midbrain activation, similar to cuing effects of expected monetary rewards. Overall, our study demonstrates a strong effect of test date expectations on learning, independent of study time and distribution.
\n\u672c\u5b66\u4f1a\u3067\u306f\u3001fNIRS\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u307e\u3060\u307e\u3060\u5c11\u6570\u6d3e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8133\u8a08\u6e2c\u6a5f\u5668\u3068\u3057\u3066fMRI\u3084EEG\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u76db\u3093\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5370\u8c61\u3092\u3046\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u3053\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u65e5\u3068\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u30d1\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u30b9\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8133\u6d3b\u6027\u304c\u307f\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304b, fMRI\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8a08\u6e2c\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059. \u3053\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u3067\u306f, \u4e2d\u8133\u306e\u6d3b\u6027\u3088\u308a, \u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306f\u8a66\u9a13\u65e5\u304c\u8fd1\u3065\u304f\u306b\u3064\u308c, \u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u30fc\u30d1\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u30b9\u304c\u5897\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f.
\n\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb \uff1a Facilitatory role of playing music during exercise in executive
\nfunction: A neuroimaging study with functional near-infrared
\nspectroscopy
\n\u8457\u8005 \uff1a *K. SUWABE1, I. DAN2, K. HYODO1, K. BYUN1, G. OCHI1;
\n1Univ. of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan; 2Chuo Univ., Tokyo,
\nK. Suwabe: None. I. Dan:None. K. Hyodo: None. K. Byun:
\nNone. G. Ochi: None.
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d \uff1a Cognitive Enhancing Effects of Exercise and Practice
\nAbstruct \uff1a The benefits of acute and chronic exercise on human cognitive functions have been given a great deal of attention. One of our recent studies has shown for the first time that acute moderate exercise (at 50% VO2peak) elicits increased brain activation in the left-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which results in improved Stroop task performance (Yanagisawa et al., NeuroImage, 2010). The DLPFC plays a role in the modulation of mood as well as executive function: activation in the left DLPFC enhances positive emotional affects (Ueda et al., 2003; Herrington et al., 2005). Hence, it is postulated that listening to one\u2019s favorite music while exercising may elicit greater activation in the DLPFC, leading to enhanced executive functions. To address this issue, twenty-six subjects (mean age 21.6 \u00b1 2.4 years, 8 females) participated in two experimental conditions (exercise with music or with a beep at a steady tempo). Subjects performed a color-word matching Stroop task (CWST) and two-dimensional mood scale (TDMS) before and after 10 minutes of moderate intensity exercise (50% of VO2peak). Using multichannel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), cortical-activation-related changes in the CWST were examined. Results demonstrated that the music condition evoked a more positive valence compared to the tempo condition. However, no significant differences were observed between the two conditions in CWST performance or Stroop-interference-related activation in any prefrontal regions. Interestingly, there were positive correlations between valence changes and CWST performance changes, and valence changes and cortical activation changes in the left DLPFC. These results suggest a facilitatory role of playing music during moderate exercise in the development of enhanced executive functions induced by exercise.
\n\u3053\u306e\u65b9\u306f, \u97f3\u697d\u3092\u805e\u304d\u306a\u304c\u3089\u904b\u52d5\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306e\u8133\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u69d8\u5b50\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u307e\u305f, \u5b66\u4f1a\u53c2\u52a0\u8005\u306e\u306a\u304b\u3067\u3082\u73cd\u3057\u3044, fNIRS\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u305f\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u3067\u3057\u305f. \u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u3067\u65e5\u7acb\u88fd\u306efNIRS\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u65b9\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u3067\u306f\u5cf6\u6d25\u88fd\u4f5c\u6240\u88fd\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067, \u8a73\u7d30\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6559\u3048\u3066\u9802\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u4eca\u5f8c\u3001\u79c1\u305f\u3061MISL\u3067\u3082\u5cf6\u6d25\u88fd\u4f5c\u6240\u88fd\u306efNIRS\u306b\u89e6\u308c\u308b\u6a5f\u4f1a\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304c, \u65e5\u7acb\u88fd\u3068\u5cf6\u6d25\u88fd\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3059\u308b\u306b, \u5cf6\u6d25\u88fd\u306e\u307b\u3046\u304c\u6e2c\u5b9a\u90e8\u4f4d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5fdc\u7528\u304c\u52b9\u304f\u4e00\u65b9, \u64cd\u4f5c\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u65e5\u7acb\u88fd\u3088\u308a\u8907\u96d1\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5370\u8c61\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f.
\n\u307e\u305f, \u7814\u7a76\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3067\u3059\u304c, \u300c\u904b\u52d5\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6700\u4e2d\u306e\u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u300d\u3068\u8074\u3044\u3066, \u4e00\u4f53\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u5927\u5909\u8208\u5473\u3092\u6301\u3061\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u306a\u305c\u306a\u3089, \u8133\u8840\u6d41\u5909\u5316\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u7e4a\u7d30\u306a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3067\u3042\u308a, \u307b\u3093\u306e\u5c11\u3057\u306e\u4f53\u52d5\u3067\u3082\u5927\u304d\u306a\u8aa4\u5dee\u3092\u751f\u3058\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059. \u767a\u8868\u8005\u306e\u304a\u8a71\u3092\u805e\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d, \u81ea\u8ee2\u8eca\u306e\u30da\u30c0\u30eb\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6a5f\u68b0\u3092\u7528\u3044, \u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306b\u306f\u811a\u3060\u3051\u3092\u52d5\u304b\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059. \u3053\u306e\u65b9\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u3067\u306f, \u97f3\u697d\u3092\u8074\u3044\u3066\u904b\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3068\u6c17\u5206\u304c\u723d\u5feb\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3084\u3059\u3044\u50be\u5411\u306b\u3042\u308b, \u3068\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3057\u305f. \u97f3\u697d\u3092\u805e\u304d\u306a\u304c\u3089\u30e9\u30f3\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u8a18\u9332\u304c\u53d6\u308c\u308b\u30b9\u30de\u30db\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u304c\u958b\u767a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c, \u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\u306b\u97f3\u697d\u3092\u805e\u304f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f, \u8133\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u3082\u305d\u306e\u6709\u7528\u6027\u304c\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u611f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f.
\n\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb \uff1a Real-time neuro-feedback training of executive functions
\nin healthy adults: A functional NIRS study
\n\u8457\u8005 \uff1a *H. HOSSEINI1, S. R. KESLER1,2; 1Dept. of Psychiatry and
\nBehavioral Sciences, Sch. of Med., Stanford Univ.,
\nStanford, CA; 2Stanford Cancer Inst., Palo Alto, CA
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d \uff1a Congnitive Enhancing Effects of Exercise and Practice
\nAbstruct \uff1a Cognitive training is an emergent approach that has been adopted in recent years as a potential intervention for a number of developmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Cognitive training theoretically promotes several neuroplastic mechanisms in the brain and has been shown to improve cognitive functioning in various healthy and patient populations. The main goal of cognitive training is to boost\/restore cognitive skills and brain function by employing a set of adaptive, practice-based paradigms.
\nIn order for the training programs to be effective, individuals are usually asked to perform a distributed set of cognitive training paradigms. This approach has several disadvantages. First, the training time can be lengthy (1 to 6 months), making adherence potentially difficult for patients with cognitive difficulties. Second, there is no guarantee that the training will be helpful for a specific individual. Third, the efficacy of the training is usually tested after the end of the training neglecting potentially interesting learning effects at other time points. In the present study, we developed a real-time neuro-feedback training program that addresses some of the limitations of conventional training methods by providing real-time feedback regarding brain activity in targeted regions. We focused on training executive functions (EFs) given their core involvement in various developmental and neurodegerative diseases. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which is a cost-effective and ecologically-valid brain imaging method, was employed for measuring brain activity in the prefrontal cortex.
\nOur preliminary data on 10 healthy adults (5 female, age range 18 to 40) showed four sessions of EF training (100 min total) with neuro-feedback significantly improved EF. Specifically, subjects\u2019 performance on standardized EF tests including measures of verbal and visual working memory as well as inhibition\/switching were significantly improved (p < 0.05). In addition, we compared the neuro-feedback training results with those of a parallel study in which we examined the effect of computerized EF training (24 sessions each lasting 20 min in 6 weeks) on 18 healthy subjects (9 females, age range 18 to 40). Despite the significantly lower duration of the neuro-feedback training (100 min vs. 480 min), the increase in inhibition\/switching performance was slightly higher in the neuro-feedback training group compared with the computerized training group. Our data suggest that providing neuro-feedback may improve the efficiency of cognitive training paradigms making it more feasible for certain patient populations.
\nNIRS\u304c\u65e5\u672c\u767a\u7965\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4ee5\u524d\u304b\u3089\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c, \u6d77\u5916\u3067\u306f\u672a\u3060\u6d78\u900f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u73fe\u72b6\u306b\u9a5a\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u305d\u306e\u306a\u304b\u3067\u3082, \u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30c9\u5927\u5b66\u3067\u306f\u5cf6\u6d25\u88fd\u4f5c\u6240\u88fd\u306eNIRS\u3092\u6240\u6709\u3057, \u3053\u308c\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u77e5\u3063\u3066, \u5927\u5909\u8208\u5473\u3092\u6301\u3061\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u3053\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u767a\u8868\u8005\u306f, \u4ee5\u524d, \u6771\u5317\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5ddd\u5cf6\u9686\u592a\u5148\u751f\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u7559\u5b66\u3092\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059. \u5ddd\u5cf6\u5148\u751f\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u3067\u3082NIRS\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3089\u3057\u304f, \u305d\u306e\u7e01\u3067, \u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u623b\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3089\u3082NIRS\u3092\u4f7f\u3044\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u4ef0\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u3053\u306e\u65b9\u306f, \u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30ed\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u7814\u7a76\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u79c1\u306f, \u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30c9\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u4eca\u307e\u3067\u7121\u77e5\u3067, \u307e\u305f\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u306e\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u767a\u8868\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067, \u5f53\u521d, \u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u82e6\u52b4\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30ed\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u3068\u306f, \u8133\u5185\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u3084\u8a18\u61b6\u306a\u3069\u3092\u53f8\u308b\u90e8\u4f4d\u3092\u6d3b\u6027\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b, \u305d\u308c\u3089\u3068\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u305f\u4ed6\u306e\u90e8\u4f4d\u3092\u6d3b\u6027\u3055\u305b\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059. \u3053\u306e\u65b9\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u306f, \u8a8d\u77e5\u969c\u5bb3\u3092\u6301\u3064\u60a3\u8005\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082, \u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30ed\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u304c\u8a8d\u77e5\u8a13\u7df4\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u5411\u4e0a\u306b\u6709\u52b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5831\u544a\u3092\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f.
\n\u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb \uff1a On the practice of replicating an electrophysiology study
\nwith the Center for Open Science
\n\u8457\u8005 \uff1a *M. LEWIS, M. PITTS; Psychology, Reed Col., Portland, OR
\n\u30bb\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u540d \uff1a Ethics and Policy
\nAbstruct \uff1a Replicability is essential to scientific progress. However, in recent years published research findings have been less reproducible. Recently, an initiative called the Reproducibility Project (RP) has been organized by the Center for Open Science (COS), a non-profit organization seeking to establish infrastructure for scientists to make their research process more transparent. The goal of the RP is to test the reproducibility rate of published research findings as well as to develop methods to improve the practice and dissemination of direct replication experiments. Currently, over 100 scientists have joined a single endeavor to replicate experiments published in three prominent psychology journals: Psychological Science, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, and Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Participation in the RP entails collaboration with other members of the COS as well as the authors of the original study to develop strategies for adhering as closely as possible to the original experiment. While the RP and COS were originally developed by cognitive scientists and social psychologists, such endeavors are likely to be of interest and utility to the neurosciences as well. Here, we discuss first-hand experience in conducting a replication experiment as part of the RP, from experimental design and data analysis to the submission of a complete report to the COS. Relevant to the neurosciences, this particular replication experiment involved electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic (EMG) recordings associated with motivational aspects of error monitoring. This study not only contributed to the larger RP, but also provided unique training opportunities for students in neuroscientific techniques as well as exposure to the open science approach. The challenges involved in maintaining strict adherence to the methods and analyses of the original study prompted development of practices to efficiently share experimental materials and data. A number of potential solutions to the problems of openly encoding and providing access to neuroscientific and behavioral data will be discussed.
\n\u3053\u306e\u65b9\u306fEEG\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u65b9\u3067\u3057\u305f. \u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306bWhite noise\u3092\u8074\u304b\u305b\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306e\u8133\u6ce2\u3092\u8a08\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u3066, \u79c1\u3082fNIRS\u3067\u97f3\u74b0\u5883\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067, \u8208\u5473\u3092\u6301\u3061\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u3053\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u3067\u306f, \u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306fWhite noise\u3092\u4e00\u77ac\u3060\u3051\u805e\u304b\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059. \u79c1\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u3067\u306f\u3001White noise\u30925\u5206\u8fd1\u304f\u518d\u751f\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304c, White noise\u3092\u518d\u751f\u3059\u308b\u77ac\u9593\u306f\u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u3092\u9a5a\u304b\u305b\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u306e\u304b, \u4f53\u52d5\u304c\u751f\u3058\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3005\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059. EEG\u306ffNIRS\u3088\u308a\u3082\u4f53\u52d5\u306b\u654f\u611f\u306a\u88c5\u7f6e\u306a\u306e\u3067, \u8a08\u6e2c\u4e2d\u306b\u4f53\u52d5\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\u7591\u554f\u306b\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f. \u3053\u308c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f, \u88ab\u9a13\u8005\u306b\u8074\u304b\u305b\u308bWhite noise\u306f\u4e00\u77ac\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081, \u4f53\u52d5\u306f\u306a\u304b\u306a\u304b\u751f\u3058\u306b\u304f\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f.
\n\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e
\n1) Neuroscience 2013 Daily Books, http:\/\/www.sfn.org\/annual-meeting\/neuroscience-2013\/abstracts-and-sessions\/program
\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

2013\u5e7411\u67089\u65e5\uff5e13\u65e5\u306b\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u30b5\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a8\u30b4\u3067\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u305fNeuroscience2013\u306b\u30668\u540d\u304c\u7814\u7a76\u767a\u8868\u3092\u884c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002 \u767a\u8868\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb \u25cf\u5c71\u672c\u8a69\u5b50\u52a9\u6559\u300cFiber tractography based on cu … <\/p>\n

“NeuroScience2013” \u306e<\/span>\u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u8aad\u3080<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1963","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-10"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/is.doshisha.ac.jp\/news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1963","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/is.doshisha.ac.jp\/news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/is.doshisha.ac.jp\/news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/is.doshisha.ac.jp\/news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/is.doshisha.ac.jp\/news\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1963"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/is.doshisha.ac.jp\/news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1963\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/is.doshisha.ac.jp\/news\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1963"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/is.doshisha.ac.jp\/news\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1963"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/is.doshisha.ac.jp\/news\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1963"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}